diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 47b003ae7c3c8e1cf4eebff4099c978951822790..b7c3769a80bf9da2c410a8143893b068d235a3fd 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ updates_key.pem
 *.egg-info
 .tox
 *.class
+*.isorted
 
 # Generated
 AUTHORS
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index ea1893d15ac1fb7454d7f294abc5122b6375fd64..eff6becacb4e5048737c95e40240d8bb771e1586 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@ ## Adding support for a new site
 1. Start with this simple template and save it to `yt_dlp/extractor/yourextractor.py`:
 
     ```python
-    # coding: utf-8
     from .common import InfoExtractor
     
     
diff --git a/Changelog.md b/Changelog.md
index a4cf0e92ee2030913b708c442a219d1b59b2c1dd..3fb6260b8642cbbec79791f9cc254e5ab20b4b9a 100644
--- a/Changelog.md
+++ b/Changelog.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ### 2022.04.08
 
 * Use certificates from `certifi` if installed by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
 * Treat multiple `--match-filters` as OR
-* File locking improvevemnts:
+* File locking improvements:
     * Do not lock downloading file on Windows
     * Do not prevent download if locking is unsupported
     * Do not truncate files before locking by [jakeogh](https://github.com/jakeogh), [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b9041284fcb4bcc216cc2f2786a1e3819a75759a..5554bce8e7d667a466ac7fd8ce9879b941e9a150 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1868,7 +1868,7 @@ # EMBEDDING YT-DLP
     ydl.download(['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])
 ```
 
-Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at [`yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py`](yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py#L197).
+Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at [`yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py`](yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py#L181).
 
 Here's a more complete example demonstrating various functionality:
 
diff --git a/devscripts/bash-completion.py b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
index d5f87a5e3c5ed0f43c01b1f9c737ab95f778f0a5..b2b678a3df3ea71bb0ce0161039e49424d5c0897 100755
--- a/devscripts/bash-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
-from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys
 
-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import yt_dlp
 
 BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = "youtube-dl.bash-completion"
diff --git a/devscripts/buildserver.py b/devscripts/buildserver.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cd544b816e7d3c9ca3fcf293cc7fc19eb946566c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/buildserver.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,435 +0,0 @@
-# UNUSED
-
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-import argparse
-import ctypes
-import functools
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import tempfile
-import threading
-import traceback
-import os.path
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_input,
-    compat_http_server,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
-
-# These are not used outside of buildserver.py thus not in compat.py
-
-try:
-    import winreg as compat_winreg
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    import _winreg as compat_winreg
-
-try:
-    import socketserver as compat_socketserver
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    import SocketServer as compat_socketserver
-
-
-class BuildHTTPServer(compat_socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, compat_http_server.HTTPServer):
-    allow_reuse_address = True
-
-
-advapi32 = ctypes.windll.advapi32
-
-SC_MANAGER_ALL_ACCESS = 0xf003f
-SC_MANAGER_CREATE_SERVICE = 0x02
-SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS = 0x10
-SERVICE_AUTO_START = 0x2
-SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL = 0x1
-DELETE = 0x00010000
-SERVICE_STATUS_START_PENDING = 0x00000002
-SERVICE_STATUS_RUNNING = 0x00000004
-SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP = 0x1
-
-SVCNAME = 'youtubedl_builder'
-
-LPTSTR = ctypes.c_wchar_p
-START_CALLBACK = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(None, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.POINTER(LPTSTR))
-
-
-class SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY(ctypes.Structure):
-    _fields_ = [
-        ('lpServiceName', LPTSTR),
-        ('lpServiceProc', START_CALLBACK)
-    ]
-
-
-HandlerEx = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
-    ctypes.c_int,     # return
-    ctypes.c_int,     # dwControl
-    ctypes.c_int,     # dwEventType
-    ctypes.c_void_p,  # lpEventData,
-    ctypes.c_void_p,  # lpContext,
-)
-
-
-def _ctypes_array(c_type, py_array):
-    ar = (c_type * len(py_array))()
-    ar[:] = py_array
-    return ar
-
-
-def win_OpenSCManager():
-    res = advapi32.OpenSCManagerW(None, None, SC_MANAGER_ALL_ACCESS)
-    if not res:
-        raise Exception('Opening service manager failed - '
-                        'are you running this as administrator?')
-    return res
-
-
-def win_install_service(service_name, cmdline):
-    manager = win_OpenSCManager()
-    try:
-        h = advapi32.CreateServiceW(
-            manager, service_name, None,
-            SC_MANAGER_CREATE_SERVICE, SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS,
-            SERVICE_AUTO_START, SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL,
-            cmdline, None, None, None, None, None)
-        if not h:
-            raise OSError('Service creation failed: %s' % ctypes.FormatError())
-
-        advapi32.CloseServiceHandle(h)
-    finally:
-        advapi32.CloseServiceHandle(manager)
-
-
-def win_uninstall_service(service_name):
-    manager = win_OpenSCManager()
-    try:
-        h = advapi32.OpenServiceW(manager, service_name, DELETE)
-        if not h:
-            raise OSError('Could not find service %s: %s' % (
-                service_name, ctypes.FormatError()))
-
-        try:
-            if not advapi32.DeleteService(h):
-                raise OSError('Deletion failed: %s' % ctypes.FormatError())
-        finally:
-            advapi32.CloseServiceHandle(h)
-    finally:
-        advapi32.CloseServiceHandle(manager)
-
-
-def win_service_report_event(service_name, msg, is_error=True):
-    with open('C:/sshkeys/log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        f.write(msg + '\n')
-
-    event_log = advapi32.RegisterEventSourceW(None, service_name)
-    if not event_log:
-        raise OSError('Could not report event: %s' % ctypes.FormatError())
-
-    try:
-        type_id = 0x0001 if is_error else 0x0004
-        event_id = 0xc0000000 if is_error else 0x40000000
-        lines = _ctypes_array(LPTSTR, [msg])
-
-        if not advapi32.ReportEventW(
-                event_log, type_id, 0, event_id, None, len(lines), 0,
-                lines, None):
-            raise OSError('Event reporting failed: %s' % ctypes.FormatError())
-    finally:
-        advapi32.DeregisterEventSource(event_log)
-
-
-def win_service_handler(stop_event, *args):
-    try:
-        raise ValueError('Handler called with args ' + repr(args))
-        TODO
-    except Exception as e:
-        tb = traceback.format_exc()
-        msg = str(e) + '\n' + tb
-        win_service_report_event(service_name, msg, is_error=True)
-        raise
-
-
-def win_service_set_status(handle, status_code):
-    svcStatus = SERVICE_STATUS()
-    svcStatus.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS
-    svcStatus.dwCurrentState = status_code
-    svcStatus.dwControlsAccepted = SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP
-
-    svcStatus.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = 0
-
-    if not advapi32.SetServiceStatus(handle, ctypes.byref(svcStatus)):
-        raise OSError('SetServiceStatus failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
-
-
-def win_service_main(service_name, real_main, argc, argv_raw):
-    try:
-        # args = [argv_raw[i].value for i in range(argc)]
-        stop_event = threading.Event()
-        handler = HandlerEx(functools.partial(stop_event, win_service_handler))
-        h = advapi32.RegisterServiceCtrlHandlerExW(service_name, handler, None)
-        if not h:
-            raise OSError('Handler registration failed: %s' %
-                          ctypes.FormatError())
-
-        TODO
-    except Exception as e:
-        tb = traceback.format_exc()
-        msg = str(e) + '\n' + tb
-        win_service_report_event(service_name, msg, is_error=True)
-        raise
-
-
-def win_service_start(service_name, real_main):
-    try:
-        cb = START_CALLBACK(
-            functools.partial(win_service_main, service_name, real_main))
-        dispatch_table = _ctypes_array(SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY, [
-            SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY(
-                service_name,
-                cb
-            ),
-            SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY(None, ctypes.cast(None, START_CALLBACK))
-        ])
-
-        if not advapi32.StartServiceCtrlDispatcherW(dispatch_table):
-            raise OSError('ctypes start failed: %s' % ctypes.FormatError())
-    except Exception as e:
-        tb = traceback.format_exc()
-        msg = str(e) + '\n' + tb
-        win_service_report_event(service_name, msg, is_error=True)
-        raise
-
-
-def main(args=None):
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument('-i', '--install',
-                        action='store_const', dest='action', const='install',
-                        help='Launch at Windows startup')
-    parser.add_argument('-u', '--uninstall',
-                        action='store_const', dest='action', const='uninstall',
-                        help='Remove Windows service')
-    parser.add_argument('-s', '--service',
-                        action='store_const', dest='action', const='service',
-                        help='Run as a Windows service')
-    parser.add_argument('-b', '--bind', metavar='<host:port>',
-                        action='store', default='0.0.0.0:8142',
-                        help='Bind to host:port (default %default)')
-    options = parser.parse_args(args=args)
-
-    if options.action == 'install':
-        fn = os.path.abspath(__file__).replace('v:', '\\\\vboxsrv\\vbox')
-        cmdline = '%s %s -s -b %s' % (sys.executable, fn, options.bind)
-        win_install_service(SVCNAME, cmdline)
-        return
-
-    if options.action == 'uninstall':
-        win_uninstall_service(SVCNAME)
-        return
-
-    if options.action == 'service':
-        win_service_start(SVCNAME, main)
-        return
-
-    host, port_str = options.bind.split(':')
-    port = int(port_str)
-
-    print('Listening on %s:%d' % (host, port))
-    srv = BuildHTTPServer((host, port), BuildHTTPRequestHandler)
-    thr = threading.Thread(target=srv.serve_forever)
-    thr.start()
-    compat_input('Press ENTER to shut down')
-    srv.shutdown()
-    thr.join()
-
-
-def rmtree(path):
-    for name in os.listdir(path):
-        fname = os.path.join(path, name)
-        if os.path.isdir(fname):
-            rmtree(fname)
-        else:
-            os.chmod(fname, 0o666)
-            os.remove(fname)
-    os.rmdir(path)
-
-
-class BuildError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, output, code=500):
-        self.output = output
-        self.code = code
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.output
-
-
-class HTTPError(BuildError):
-    pass
-
-
-class PythonBuilder(object):
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        python_version = kwargs.pop('python', '3.4')
-        python_path = None
-        for node in ('Wow6432Node\\', ''):
-            try:
-                key = compat_winreg.OpenKey(
-                    compat_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
-                    r'SOFTWARE\%sPython\PythonCore\%s\InstallPath' % (node, python_version))
-                try:
-                    python_path, _ = compat_winreg.QueryValueEx(key, '')
-                finally:
-                    compat_winreg.CloseKey(key)
-                break
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-
-        if not python_path:
-            raise BuildError('No such Python version: %s' % python_version)
-
-        self.pythonPath = python_path
-
-        super(PythonBuilder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
-
-class GITInfoBuilder(object):
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        try:
-            self.user, self.repoName = kwargs['path'][:2]
-            self.rev = kwargs.pop('rev')
-        except ValueError:
-            raise BuildError('Invalid path')
-        except KeyError as e:
-            raise BuildError('Missing mandatory parameter "%s"' % e.args[0])
-
-        path = os.path.join(os.environ['APPDATA'], 'Build archive', self.repoName, self.user)
-        if not os.path.exists(path):
-            os.makedirs(path)
-        self.basePath = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=path)
-        self.buildPath = os.path.join(self.basePath, 'build')
-
-        super(GITInfoBuilder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
-
-class GITBuilder(GITInfoBuilder):
-    def build(self):
-        try:
-            subprocess.check_output(['git', 'clone', 'git://github.com/%s/%s.git' % (self.user, self.repoName), self.buildPath])
-            subprocess.check_output(['git', 'checkout', self.rev], cwd=self.buildPath)
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-            raise BuildError(e.output)
-
-        super(GITBuilder, self).build()
-
-
-class YoutubeDLBuilder(object):
-    authorizedUsers = ['fraca7', 'phihag', 'rg3', 'FiloSottile', 'ytdl-org']
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        if self.repoName != 'yt-dlp':
-            raise BuildError('Invalid repository "%s"' % self.repoName)
-        if self.user not in self.authorizedUsers:
-            raise HTTPError('Unauthorized user "%s"' % self.user, 401)
-
-        super(YoutubeDLBuilder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
-    def build(self):
-        try:
-            proc = subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(self.pythonPath, 'python.exe'), 'setup.py', 'py2exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, cwd=self.buildPath)
-            proc.wait()
-            #subprocess.check_output([os.path.join(self.pythonPath, 'python.exe'), 'setup.py', 'py2exe'],
-            #                        cwd=self.buildPath)
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-            raise BuildError(e.output)
-
-        super(YoutubeDLBuilder, self).build()
-
-
-class DownloadBuilder(object):
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        self.handler = kwargs.pop('handler')
-        self.srcPath = os.path.join(self.buildPath, *tuple(kwargs['path'][2:]))
-        self.srcPath = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(self.srcPath))
-        if not self.srcPath.startswith(self.buildPath):
-            raise HTTPError(self.srcPath, 401)
-
-        super(DownloadBuilder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
-    def build(self):
-        if not os.path.exists(self.srcPath):
-            raise HTTPError('No such file', 404)
-        if os.path.isdir(self.srcPath):
-            raise HTTPError('Is a directory: %s' % self.srcPath, 401)
-
-        self.handler.send_response(200)
-        self.handler.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/octet-stream')
-        self.handler.send_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment; filename=%s' % os.path.split(self.srcPath)[-1])
-        self.handler.send_header('Content-Length', str(os.stat(self.srcPath).st_size))
-        self.handler.end_headers()
-
-        with open(self.srcPath, 'rb') as src:
-            shutil.copyfileobj(src, self.handler.wfile)
-
-        super(DownloadBuilder, self).build()
-
-
-class CleanupTempDir(object):
-    def build(self):
-        try:
-            rmtree(self.basePath)
-        except Exception as e:
-            print('WARNING deleting "%s": %s' % (self.basePath, e))
-
-        super(CleanupTempDir, self).build()
-
-
-class Null(object):
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        pass
-
-    def start(self):
-        pass
-
-    def close(self):
-        pass
-
-    def build(self):
-        pass
-
-
-class Builder(PythonBuilder, GITBuilder, YoutubeDLBuilder, DownloadBuilder, CleanupTempDir, Null):
-    pass
-
-
-class BuildHTTPRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    actionDict = {'build': Builder, 'download': Builder}  # They're the same, no more caching.
-
-    def do_GET(self):
-        path = compat_urlparse.urlparse(self.path)
-        paramDict = dict([(key, value[0]) for key, value in compat_urlparse.parse_qs(path.query).items()])
-        action, _, path = path.path.strip('/').partition('/')
-        if path:
-            path = path.split('/')
-            if action in self.actionDict:
-                try:
-                    builder = self.actionDict[action](path=path, handler=self, **paramDict)
-                    builder.start()
-                    try:
-                        builder.build()
-                    finally:
-                        builder.close()
-                except BuildError as e:
-                    self.send_response(e.code)
-                    msg = compat_str(e).encode('UTF-8')
-                    self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=UTF-8')
-                    self.send_header('Content-Length', len(msg))
-                    self.end_headers()
-                    self.wfile.write(msg)
-            else:
-                self.send_response(500, 'Unknown build method "%s"' % action)
-        else:
-            self.send_response(500, 'Malformed URL')
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()
diff --git a/devscripts/check-porn.py b/devscripts/check-porn.py
index 50f6bebc643fac3f2f9bdaaa0556af105f65257d..08f663e4babf5eda94c4ccc758de8780b82404e6 100644
--- a/devscripts/check-porn.py
+++ b/devscripts/check-porn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 """
 This script employs a VERY basic heuristic ('porn' in webpage.lower()) to check
 if we are not 'age_limit' tagging some porn site
@@ -12,11 +10,12 @@
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from test.helper import gettestcases
-from yt_dlp.utils import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
-from yt_dlp.utils import compat_urllib_request
+
+from yt_dlp.utils import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse, compat_urllib_request
 
 if len(sys.argv) > 1:
     METHOD = 'LIST'
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@
         try:
             webpage = compat_urllib_request.urlopen(test['url'], timeout=10).read()
         except Exception:
-            print('\nFail: {0}'.format(test['name']))
+            print('\nFail: {}'.format(test['name']))
             continue
 
         webpage = webpage.decode('utf8', 'replace')
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
     elif METHOD == 'LIST':
         domain = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(test['url']).netloc
         if not domain:
-            print('\nFail: {0}'.format(test['name']))
+            print('\nFail: {}'.format(test['name']))
             continue
         domain = '.'.join(domain.split('.')[-2:])
 
@@ -47,11 +46,11 @@
 
     if RESULT and ('info_dict' not in test or 'age_limit' not in test['info_dict']
                    or test['info_dict']['age_limit'] != 18):
-        print('\nPotential missing age_limit check: {0}'.format(test['name']))
+        print('\nPotential missing age_limit check: {}'.format(test['name']))
 
     elif not RESULT and ('info_dict' in test and 'age_limit' in test['info_dict']
                          and test['info_dict']['age_limit'] == 18):
-        print('\nPotential false negative: {0}'.format(test['name']))
+        print('\nPotential false negative: {}'.format(test['name']))
 
     else:
         sys.stdout.write('.')
diff --git a/devscripts/create-github-release.py b/devscripts/create-github-release.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 53b3e0f48559abec8bf2255318062b2db54fa87d..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/create-github-release.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-# Unused
-
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import io
-import json
-import mimetypes
-import netrc
-import optparse
-import os
-import re
-import sys
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_basestring,
-    compat_getpass,
-    compat_print,
-    compat_urllib_request,
-)
-from yt_dlp.utils import (
-    make_HTTPS_handler,
-    sanitized_Request,
-)
-
-
-class GitHubReleaser(object):
-    _API_URL = 'https://api.github.com/repos/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/releases'
-    _UPLOADS_URL = 'https://uploads.github.com/repos/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/releases/%s/assets?name=%s'
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'github.com'
-
-    def __init__(self, debuglevel=0):
-        self._init_github_account()
-        https_handler = make_HTTPS_handler({}, debuglevel=debuglevel)
-        self._opener = compat_urllib_request.build_opener(https_handler)
-
-    def _init_github_account(self):
-        try:
-            info = netrc.netrc().authenticators(self._NETRC_MACHINE)
-            if info is not None:
-                self._token = info[2]
-                compat_print('Using GitHub credentials found in .netrc...')
-                return
-            else:
-                compat_print('No GitHub credentials found in .netrc')
-        except (IOError, netrc.NetrcParseError):
-            compat_print('Unable to parse .netrc')
-        self._token = compat_getpass(
-            'Type your GitHub PAT (personal access token) and press [Return]: ')
-
-    def _call(self, req):
-        if isinstance(req, compat_basestring):
-            req = sanitized_Request(req)
-        req.add_header('Authorization', 'token %s' % self._token)
-        response = self._opener.open(req).read().decode('utf-8')
-        return json.loads(response)
-
-    def list_releases(self):
-        return self._call(self._API_URL)
-
-    def create_release(self, tag_name, name=None, body='', draft=False, prerelease=False):
-        data = {
-            'tag_name': tag_name,
-            'target_commitish': 'master',
-            'name': name,
-            'body': body,
-            'draft': draft,
-            'prerelease': prerelease,
-        }
-        req = sanitized_Request(self._API_URL, json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'))
-        return self._call(req)
-
-    def create_asset(self, release_id, asset):
-        asset_name = os.path.basename(asset)
-        url = self._UPLOADS_URL % (release_id, asset_name)
-        # Our files are small enough to be loaded directly into memory.
-        data = open(asset, 'rb').read()
-        req = sanitized_Request(url, data)
-        mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(asset_name)
-        req.add_header('Content-Type', mime_type or 'application/octet-stream')
-        return self._call(req)
-
-
-def main():
-    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage='%prog CHANGELOG VERSION BUILDPATH')
-    options, args = parser.parse_args()
-    if len(args) != 3:
-        parser.error('Expected a version and a build directory')
-
-    changelog_file, version, build_path = args
-
-    with io.open(changelog_file, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
-        changelog = inf.read()
-
-    mobj = re.search(r'(?s)version %s\n{2}(.+?)\n{3}' % version, changelog)
-    body = mobj.group(1) if mobj else ''
-
-    releaser = GitHubReleaser()
-
-    new_release = releaser.create_release(
-        version, name='yt-dlp %s' % version, body=body)
-    release_id = new_release['id']
-
-    for asset in os.listdir(build_path):
-        compat_print('Uploading %s...' % asset)
-        releaser.create_asset(release_id, os.path.join(build_path, asset))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()
diff --git a/devscripts/fish-completion.py b/devscripts/fish-completion.py
index fb45e028057bcc5eac6ae8fbb186a1db6ea6bdd7..dcb1d6582ae3e9df3094151347de4c631dd65da3 100755
--- a/devscripts/fish-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/fish-completion.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import optparse
 import os
-from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys
 
-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import yt_dlp
 from yt_dlp.utils import shell_quote
 
diff --git a/devscripts/generate_aes_testdata.py b/devscripts/generate_aes_testdata.py
index 0979eee5b90ffebcce58121daab505b2e1e5ebb4..c7d83f1a75006bff77f640f73ae9044f749ad4d9 100644
--- a/devscripts/generate_aes_testdata.py
+++ b/devscripts/generate_aes_testdata.py
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import codecs
-import subprocess
-
 import os
+import subprocess
 import sys
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
-from yt_dlp.utils import intlist_to_bytes
 from yt_dlp.aes import aes_encrypt, key_expansion
+from yt_dlp.utils import intlist_to_bytes
 
 secret_msg = b'Secret message goes here'
 
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/add-version.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/add-version.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ea01374d6d70c5d977ba077c08e08223e286e9c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/add-version.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import json
-import sys
-import hashlib
-import os.path
-
-
-if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
-    print('Specify the version number as parameter')
-    sys.exit()
-version = sys.argv[1]
-
-with open('update/LATEST_VERSION', 'w') as f:
-    f.write(version)
-
-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
-if 'signature' in versions_info:
-    del versions_info['signature']
-
-new_version = {}
-
-filenames = {
-    'bin': 'yt-dlp',
-    'exe': 'yt-dlp.exe',
-    'tar': 'yt-dlp-%s.tar.gz' % version}
-build_dir = os.path.join('..', '..', 'build', version)
-for key, filename in filenames.items():
-    url = 'https://yt-dl.org/downloads/%s/%s' % (version, filename)
-    fn = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
-    with open(fn, 'rb') as f:
-        data = f.read()
-    if not data:
-        raise ValueError('File %s is empty!' % fn)
-    sha256sum = hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
-    new_version[key] = (url, sha256sum)
-
-versions_info['versions'][version] = new_version
-versions_info['latest'] = version
-
-with open('update/versions.json', 'w') as jsonf:
-    json.dump(versions_info, jsonf, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/generate-download.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/generate-download.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a873d32ee437d1620f52a9e8fb06bc6f25359a75..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/generate-download.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import json
-
-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
-version = versions_info['latest']
-version_dict = versions_info['versions'][version]
-
-# Read template page
-with open('download.html.in', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as tmplf:
-    template = tmplf.read()
-
-template = template.replace('@PROGRAM_VERSION@', version)
-template = template.replace('@PROGRAM_URL@', version_dict['bin'][0])
-template = template.replace('@PROGRAM_SHA256SUM@', version_dict['bin'][1])
-template = template.replace('@EXE_URL@', version_dict['exe'][0])
-template = template.replace('@EXE_SHA256SUM@', version_dict['exe'][1])
-template = template.replace('@TAR_URL@', version_dict['tar'][0])
-template = template.replace('@TAR_SHA256SUM@', version_dict['tar'][1])
-with open('download.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as dlf:
-    dlf.write(template)
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/sign-versions.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/sign-versions.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fa389c35872c3f2b937ef6a875b46bc4dc0d04f8..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/sign-versions.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals, with_statement
-
-import rsa
-import json
-from binascii import hexlify
-
-try:
-    input = raw_input
-except NameError:
-    pass
-
-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
-if 'signature' in versions_info:
-    del versions_info['signature']
-
-print('Enter the PKCS1 private key, followed by a blank line:')
-privkey = b''
-while True:
-    try:
-        line = input()
-    except EOFError:
-        break
-    if line == '':
-        break
-    privkey += line.encode('ascii') + b'\n'
-privkey = rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(privkey)
-
-signature = hexlify(rsa.pkcs1.sign(json.dumps(versions_info, sort_keys=True).encode('utf-8'), privkey, 'SHA-256')).decode()
-print('signature: ' + signature)
-
-versions_info['signature'] = signature
-with open('update/versions.json', 'w') as versionsf:
-    json.dump(versions_info, versionsf, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-copyright.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-copyright.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e122d0283f242f782ac85687594155ab0dfddc72..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-copyright.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import with_statement, unicode_literals
-
-import datetime
-import glob
-import io  # For Python 2 compatibility
-import os
-import re
-
-year = str(datetime.datetime.now().year)
-for fn in glob.glob('*.html*'):
-    with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        content = f.read()
-    newc = re.sub(r'(?P<copyright>Copyright © 2011-)(?P<year>[0-9]{4})', 'Copyright © 2011-' + year, content)
-    if content != newc:
-        tmpFn = fn + '.part'
-        with io.open(tmpFn, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-            outf.write(newc)
-        os.rename(tmpFn, fn)
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-feed.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-feed.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c9f2fdb07cf8842ebae9f1f872c5c566ee3f713a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-feed.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import datetime
-import io
-import json
-import textwrap
-
-
-atom_template = textwrap.dedent("""\
-    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-    <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
-        <link rel="self" href="http://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/update/releases.atom" />
-        <title>yt-dlp releases</title>
-        <id>https://yt-dl.org/feed/yt-dlp-updates-feed</id>
-        <updated>@TIMESTAMP@</updated>
-        @ENTRIES@
-    </feed>""")
-
-entry_template = textwrap.dedent("""
-    <entry>
-        <id>https://yt-dl.org/feed/yt-dlp-updates-feed/yt-dlp-@VERSION@</id>
-        <title>New version @VERSION@</title>
-        <link href="http://ytdl-org.github.io/yt-dlp" />
-        <content type="xhtml">
-            <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-                Downloads available at <a href="https://yt-dl.org/downloads/@VERSION@/">https://yt-dl.org/downloads/@VERSION@/</a>
-            </div>
-        </content>
-        <author>
-            <name>The yt-dlp maintainers</name>
-        </author>
-        <updated>@TIMESTAMP@</updated>
-    </entry>
-    """)
-
-now = datetime.datetime.now()
-now_iso = now.isoformat() + 'Z'
-
-atom_template = atom_template.replace('@TIMESTAMP@', now_iso)
-
-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
-versions = list(versions_info['versions'].keys())
-versions.sort()
-
-entries = []
-for v in versions:
-    fields = v.split('.')
-    year, month, day = map(int, fields[:3])
-    faked = 0
-    patchlevel = 0
-    while True:
-        try:
-            datetime.date(year, month, day)
-        except ValueError:
-            day -= 1
-            faked += 1
-            assert day > 0
-            continue
-        break
-    if len(fields) >= 4:
-        try:
-            patchlevel = int(fields[3])
-        except ValueError:
-            patchlevel = 1
-    timestamp = '%04d-%02d-%02dT00:%02d:%02dZ' % (year, month, day, faked, patchlevel)
-
-    entry = entry_template.replace('@TIMESTAMP@', timestamp)
-    entry = entry.replace('@VERSION@', v)
-    entries.append(entry)
-
-entries_str = textwrap.indent(''.join(entries), '\t')
-atom_template = atom_template.replace('@ENTRIES@', entries_str)
-
-with io.open('update/releases.atom', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as atom_file:
-    atom_file.write(atom_template)
diff --git a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-sites.py b/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-sites.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b53685fccdd6e3482276a787f59dfbbb25a87bb1..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages.unused/update-sites.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import sys
-import os
-import textwrap
-
-# We must be able to import yt_dlp
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
-
-import yt_dlp
-
-
-def main():
-    with open('supportedsites.html.in', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as tmplf:
-        template = tmplf.read()
-
-    ie_htmls = []
-    for ie in yt_dlp.list_extractors(age_limit=None):
-        ie_html = '<b>{}</b>'.format(ie.IE_NAME)
-        ie_desc = getattr(ie, 'IE_DESC', None)
-        if ie_desc is False:
-            continue
-        elif ie_desc is not None:
-            ie_html += ': {}'.format(ie.IE_DESC)
-        if not ie.working():
-            ie_html += ' (Currently broken)'
-        ie_htmls.append('<li>{}</li>'.format(ie_html))
-
-    template = template.replace('@SITES@', textwrap.indent('\n'.join(ie_htmls), '\t'))
-
-    with open('supportedsites.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as sitesf:
-        sitesf.write(template)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()
diff --git a/devscripts/lazy_load_template.py b/devscripts/lazy_load_template.py
index da89e070de493e00924697a123b2920735a8c96f..0058915ae89e2698e8474903bde1ecb1b8a3faf5 100644
--- a/devscripts/lazy_load_template.py
+++ b/devscripts/lazy_load_template.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import re
 
 from ..utils import bug_reports_message, write_string
diff --git a/devscripts/make_contributing.py b/devscripts/make_contributing.py
index 6b1b8219c45a0335baff8d2c7bb308e82308533e..2562c4fd75c9dd3cc8622fde7906748611fdf32d 100755
--- a/devscripts/make_contributing.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_contributing.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import io
 import optparse
 import re
 
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ def main():
 
     infile, outfile = args
 
-    with io.open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
+    with open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
         readme = inf.read()
 
     bug_text = re.search(
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ def main():
 
     out = bug_text + dev_text
 
-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
+    with open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
         outf.write(out)
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/make_issue_template.py b/devscripts/make_issue_template.py
index 9020592317de7b7c2fa2626c104f3fd498b88973..878b94166a5fe1c7ccb6ed56696d4de0dfa7950b 100644
--- a/devscripts/make_issue_template.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_issue_template.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import io
 import optparse
 
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ def main():
 
     infile, outfile = args
 
-    with io.open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
+    with open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
         issue_template_tmpl = inf.read()
 
     # Get the version from yt_dlp/version.py without importing the package
@@ -22,8 +20,9 @@ def main():
 
     out = issue_template_tmpl % {'version': locals()['__version__']}
 
-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
+    with open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
         outf.write(out)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()
diff --git a/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py b/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
index 76d4e521c4128ff36b3d3944416fef305e25129e..959fc616ad9d0b3f2545b7e89db9e88bed696812 100644
--- a/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function
-
-from inspect import getsource
-import io
 import os
 import re
-from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys
+from inspect import getsource
 
-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 lazy_extractors_filename = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py'
 if os.path.exists(lazy_extractors_filename):
@@ -26,7 +22,7 @@
 if os.path.exists(plugins_blocked_dirname):
     os.rename(plugins_blocked_dirname, plugins_dirname)
 
-with open('devscripts/lazy_load_template.py', 'rt') as f:
+with open('devscripts/lazy_load_template.py') as f:
     module_template = f.read()
 
 CLASS_PROPERTIES = ['ie_key', 'working', '_match_valid_url', 'suitable', '_match_id', 'get_temp_id']
@@ -91,7 +87,7 @@ def build_lazy_ie(ie, name):
 ordered_cls = []
 while classes:
     for c in classes[:]:
-        bases = set(c.__bases__) - set((object, InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor))
+        bases = set(c.__bases__) - {object, InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor}
         stop = False
         for b in bases:
             if b not in classes and b not in ordered_cls:
@@ -116,9 +112,9 @@ def build_lazy_ie(ie, name):
         names.append(name)
 
 module_contents.append(
-    '\n_ALL_CLASSES = [{0}]'.format(', '.join(names)))
+    '\n_ALL_CLASSES = [{}]'.format(', '.join(names)))
 
 module_src = '\n'.join(module_contents) + '\n'
 
-with io.open(lazy_extractors_filename, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with open(lazy_extractors_filename, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
     f.write(module_src)
diff --git a/devscripts/make_readme.py b/devscripts/make_readme.py
index 3f56af74470b5dbb3396a5fc52c29cac77f40e57..1719ac8e43e84cb06983e9edc89dbdcdafc90512 100755
--- a/devscripts/make_readme.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_readme.py
@@ -2,12 +2,8 @@
 
 # yt-dlp --help | make_readme.py
 # This must be run in a console of correct width
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import io
-import sys
 import re
+import sys
 
 README_FILE = 'README.md'
 helptext = sys.stdin.read()
@@ -15,7 +11,7 @@
 if isinstance(helptext, bytes):
     helptext = helptext.decode('utf-8')
 
-with io.open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
     oldreadme = f.read()
 
 header = oldreadme[:oldreadme.index('## General Options:')]
@@ -25,7 +21,7 @@
 options = re.sub(r'(?m)^  (\w.+)$', r'## \1', options)
 options = options + '\n'
 
-with io.open(README_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with open(README_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
     f.write(header)
     f.write(options)
     f.write(footer)
diff --git a/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py b/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py
index 729f60a0e794b66e6db39154f8c8844d1d36c9ea..0a0d08f56fa1b80b1f7cce0c4fc0e37481fe5a88 100644
--- a/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import io
 import optparse
 import os
 import sys
 
-
 # Import yt_dlp
 ROOT_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
 sys.path.insert(0, ROOT_DIR)
@@ -23,11 +19,11 @@ def main():
 
     def gen_ies_md(ies):
         for ie in ies:
-            ie_md = '**{0}**'.format(ie.IE_NAME)
+            ie_md = f'**{ie.IE_NAME}**'
             if ie.IE_DESC is False:
                 continue
             if ie.IE_DESC is not None:
-                ie_md += ': {0}'.format(ie.IE_DESC)
+                ie_md += f': {ie.IE_DESC}'
             search_key = getattr(ie, 'SEARCH_KEY', None)
             if search_key is not None:
                 ie_md += f'; "{ie.SEARCH_KEY}:" prefix'
@@ -40,7 +36,7 @@ def gen_ies_md(ies):
         ' - ' + md + '\n'
         for md in gen_ies_md(ies))
 
-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
+    with open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
         outf.write(out)
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/posix-locale.sh b/devscripts/posix-locale.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 0aa7a592d7d2decd1fcdeeb9b0d02a8a0a43d689..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/posix-locale.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-
-# source this file in your shell to get a POSIX locale (which will break many programs, but that's kind of the point)
-
-export LC_ALL=POSIX
-export LANG=POSIX
-export LANGUAGE=POSIX
diff --git a/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py b/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
index 75fa39c6c70c73465db1b8f7598856f094384fb8..ac6d2678bd53920ab07d8989469ec45a2c94d705 100644
--- a/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
+++ b/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import io
 import optparse
 import os.path
 import re
@@ -32,14 +29,14 @@ def main():
 
     outfile, = args
 
-    with io.open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+    with open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
         readme = f.read()
 
     readme = filter_excluded_sections(readme)
     readme = move_sections(readme)
     readme = filter_options(readme)
 
-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
+    with open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
         outf.write(PREFIX + readme)
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/release.sh b/devscripts/release.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 188b166e643c6ede4c584a85d0ebaf4898ecd4e4..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/release.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-# Unused
-
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# IMPORTANT: the following assumptions are made
-# * the GH repo is on the origin remote
-# * the gh-pages branch is named so locally
-# * the git config user.signingkey is properly set
-
-# You will need
-# pip install coverage nose rsa wheel
-
-# TODO
-# release notes
-# make hash on local files
-
-set -e
-
-skip_tests=true
-gpg_sign_commits=""
-buildserver='localhost:8142'
-
-while true
-do
-case "$1" in
-    --run-tests)
-        skip_tests=false
-        shift
-    ;;
-    --gpg-sign-commits|-S)
-        gpg_sign_commits="-S"
-        shift
-    ;;
-    --buildserver)
-        buildserver="$2"
-        shift 2
-    ;;
-    --*)
-        echo "ERROR: unknown option $1"
-        exit 1
-    ;;
-    *)
-        break
-    ;;
-esac
-done
-
-if [ -z "$1" ]; then echo "ERROR: specify version number like this: $0 1994.09.06"; exit 1; fi
-version="$1"
-major_version=$(echo "$version" | sed -n 's#^\([0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\).*#\1#p')
-if test "$major_version" '!=' "$(date '+%Y.%m.%d')"; then
-    echo "$version does not start with today's date!"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-if [ ! -z "`git tag | grep "$version"`" ]; then echo 'ERROR: version already present'; exit 1; fi
-if [ ! -z "`git status --porcelain | grep -v CHANGELOG`" ]; then echo 'ERROR: the working directory is not clean; commit or stash changes'; exit 1; fi
-useless_files=$(find yt_dlp -type f -not -name '*.py')
-if [ ! -z "$useless_files" ]; then echo "ERROR: Non-.py files in yt_dlp: $useless_files"; exit 1; fi
-if [ ! -f "updates_key.pem" ]; then echo 'ERROR: updates_key.pem missing'; exit 1; fi
-if ! type pandoc >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then echo 'ERROR: pandoc is missing'; exit 1; fi
-if ! python3 -c 'import rsa' 2>/dev/null; then echo 'ERROR: python3-rsa is missing'; exit 1; fi
-if ! python3 -c 'import wheel' 2>/dev/null; then echo 'ERROR: wheel is missing'; exit 1; fi
-
-read -p "Is Changelog up to date? (y/n) " -n 1
-if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then exit 1; fi
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### First of all, testing..."
-make clean
-if $skip_tests ; then
-    echo 'SKIPPING TESTS'
-else
-    nosetests --verbose --with-coverage --cover-package=yt_dlp --cover-html test --stop || exit 1
-fi
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Changing version in version.py..."
-sed -i "s/__version__ = '.*'/__version__ = '$version'/" yt_dlp/version.py
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Changing version in Changelog..."
-sed -i "s/<unreleased>/$version/" Changelog.md
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Committing documentation, templates and yt_dlp/version.py..."
-make README.md CONTRIBUTING.md issuetemplates supportedsites
-git add README.md CONTRIBUTING.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_broken_site.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_site_support_request.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_site_feature_request.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/4_bug_report.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/5_feature_request.md .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/6_question.md docs/supportedsites.md yt_dlp/version.py Changelog.md
-git commit $gpg_sign_commits -m "release $version"
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Now tagging, signing and pushing..."
-git tag -s -m "Release $version" "$version"
-git show "$version"
-read -p "Is it good, can I push? (y/n) " -n 1
-if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then exit 1; fi
-echo
-MASTER=$(git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD)
-git push origin $MASTER:master
-git push origin "$version"
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### OK, now it is time to build the binaries..."
-REV=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
-make yt-dlp yt-dlp.tar.gz
-read -p "VM running? (y/n) " -n 1
-wget "http://$buildserver/build/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/yt-dlp.exe?rev=$REV" -O yt-dlp.exe
-mkdir -p "build/$version"
-mv yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe "build/$version"
-mv yt-dlp.tar.gz "build/$version/yt-dlp-$version.tar.gz"
-RELEASE_FILES="yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe yt-dlp-$version.tar.gz"
-(cd build/$version/ && md5sum $RELEASE_FILES > MD5SUMS)
-(cd build/$version/ && sha1sum $RELEASE_FILES > SHA1SUMS)
-(cd build/$version/ && sha256sum $RELEASE_FILES > SHA2-256SUMS)
-(cd build/$version/ && sha512sum $RELEASE_FILES > SHA2-512SUMS)
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Signing and uploading the new binaries to GitHub..."
-for f in $RELEASE_FILES; do gpg --passphrase-repeat 5 --detach-sig "build/$version/$f"; done
-
-ROOT=$(pwd)
-python devscripts/create-github-release.py Changelog.md $version "$ROOT/build/$version"
-
-ssh ytdl@yt-dl.org "sh html/update_latest.sh $version"
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### Now switching to gh-pages..."
-git clone --branch gh-pages --single-branch . build/gh-pages
-(
-    set -e
-    ORIGIN_URL=$(git config --get remote.origin.url)
-    cd build/gh-pages
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/add-version.py" $version
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/update-feed.py"
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/sign-versions.py" < "$ROOT/updates_key.pem"
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/generate-download.py"
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/update-copyright.py"
-    "$ROOT/devscripts/gh-pages/update-sites.py"
-    git add *.html *.html.in update
-    git commit $gpg_sign_commits -m "release $version"
-    git push "$ROOT" gh-pages
-    git push "$ORIGIN_URL" gh-pages
-)
-rm -rf build
-
-make pypi-files
-echo "Uploading to PyPi ..."
-python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel upload
-make clean
-
-/bin/echo -e "\n### DONE!"
diff --git a/devscripts/show-downloads-statistics.py b/devscripts/show-downloads-statistics.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4855aa7c852480518bf2e60e2de2eb448df21f26..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/show-downloads-statistics.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# Unused
-
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import itertools
-import json
-import os
-import re
-import sys
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_print,
-    compat_urllib_request,
-)
-from yt_dlp.utils import format_bytes
-
-
-def format_size(bytes):
-    return '%s (%d bytes)' % (format_bytes(bytes), bytes)
-
-
-total_bytes = 0
-
-for page in itertools.count(1):
-    releases = json.loads(compat_urllib_request.urlopen(
-        'https://api.github.com/repos/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/releases?page=%s' % page
-    ).read().decode('utf-8'))
-
-    if not releases:
-        break
-
-    for release in releases:
-        compat_print(release['name'])
-        for asset in release['assets']:
-            asset_name = asset['name']
-            total_bytes += asset['download_count'] * asset['size']
-            if all(not re.match(p, asset_name) for p in (
-                    r'^yt-dlp$',
-                    r'^yt-dlp-\d{4}\.\d{2}\.\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?\.tar\.gz$',
-                    r'^yt-dlp\.exe$')):
-                continue
-            compat_print(
-                ' %s size: %s downloads: %d'
-                % (asset_name, format_size(asset['size']), asset['download_count']))
-
-compat_print('total downloads traffic: %s' % format_size(total_bytes))
diff --git a/devscripts/update-formulae.py b/devscripts/update-formulae.py
index 6044ae260f4aef0045873f24b2800d4f6bd80de0..03d7082cc6fbc66268cf2570512b9ddf841474f8 100644
--- a/devscripts/update-formulae.py
+++ b/devscripts/update-formulae.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import re
 import sys
diff --git a/devscripts/update-version.py b/devscripts/update-version.py
index 0ee7bf29160757233c0fa19fcf43732bbe87c5e1..991cfb2aff0db83a2fcde6c025dc68b7e4f17ccb 100644
--- a/devscripts/update-version.py
+++ b/devscripts/update-version.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from datetime import datetime
-import sys
 import subprocess
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime
 
-
-with open('yt_dlp/version.py', 'rt') as f:
+with open('yt_dlp/version.py') as f:
     exec(compile(f.read(), 'yt_dlp/version.py', 'exec'))
 old_version = locals()['__version__']
 
diff --git a/devscripts/wine-py2exe.sh b/devscripts/wine-py2exe.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 8bc8ce55b33122d7fa589994b88ed31d77b2d92c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/devscripts/wine-py2exe.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# UNUSED
-
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Run with as parameter a setup.py that works in the current directory
-# e.g. no os.chdir()
-# It will run twice, the first time will crash
-
-set -e
-
-SCRIPT_DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "$0" )" && pwd )"
-
-if [ ! -d wine-py2exe ]; then
-
-    sudo apt-get install wine1.3 axel bsdiff
-
-    mkdir wine-py2exe
-    cd wine-py2exe
-    export WINEPREFIX=`pwd`
-
-    axel -a "http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7/python-2.7.msi"
-    axel -a "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/py2exe/py2exe/0.6.9/py2exe-0.6.9.win32-py2.7.exe"
-    #axel -a "http://winetricks.org/winetricks"
-
-    # http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=21957
-    echo "Follow python setup on screen"
-    wine msiexec /i python-2.7.msi
-    
-    echo "Follow py2exe setup on screen"
-    wine py2exe-0.6.9.win32-py2.7.exe
-    
-    #echo "Follow Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Redistributable Package setup on screen"
-    #bash winetricks vcrun2008
-
-    rm py2exe-0.6.9.win32-py2.7.exe
-    rm python-2.7.msi
-    #rm winetricks
-    
-    # http://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3591
-    
-    mv drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run.exe drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run.exe.backup
-    bspatch drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run.exe.backup drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run.exe "$SCRIPT_DIR/SizeOfImage.patch"
-    mv drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run_w.exe drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run_w.exe.backup
-    bspatch drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run_w.exe.backup drive_c/Python27/Lib/site-packages/py2exe/run_w.exe "$SCRIPT_DIR/SizeOfImage_w.patch"
-
-    cd -
-    
-else
-
-    export WINEPREFIX="$( cd wine-py2exe && pwd )"
-
-fi
-
-wine "C:\\Python27\\python.exe" "$1" py2exe > "py2exe.log" 2>&1 || true
-echo '# Copying python27.dll' >> "py2exe.log"
-cp "$WINEPREFIX/drive_c/windows/system32/python27.dll" build/bdist.win32/winexe/bundle-2.7/
-wine "C:\\Python27\\python.exe" "$1" py2exe >> "py2exe.log" 2>&1
-
diff --git a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
index 780df0de6cbbaee104ecb0340df3b1736a8f2fae..06660d8fd47a482a89fd59a0f32b3cbff156680d 100755
--- a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
-from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys
 
-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import yt_dlp
 
 ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = "completions/zsh/_yt-dlp"
diff --git a/pyinst.py b/pyinst.py
index b7f0f9b76d5acf145d14d727e805451eacac420a..04400964a33d7e76e3ef42137da676a1550fc660 100644
--- a/pyinst.py
+++ b/pyinst.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
 import os
 import platform
 import sys
+
 from PyInstaller.utils.hooks import collect_submodules
 
 import zlib
@@ -24,8 +24,14 @@ def zlib_compress(data, level=-1):
 OS_NAME = platform.system()
 if OS_NAME == 'Windows':
     from PyInstaller.utils.win32.versioninfo import (
-        VarStruct, VarFileInfo, StringStruct, StringTable,
-        StringFileInfo, FixedFileInfo, VSVersionInfo, SetVersion,
+        FixedFileInfo,
+        SetVersion,
+        StringFileInfo,
+        StringStruct,
+        StringTable,
+        VarFileInfo,
+        VarStruct,
+        VSVersionInfo,
     )
 elif OS_NAME == 'Darwin':
     pass
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 0c6d5f05e6b5c4734f1f89340ab78a2136c3170b..8423cf4be5b65ef91ed527bb238fdde525c687b1 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
 import os
 import os.path
-import warnings
 import sys
+import warnings
 
 try:
-    from setuptools import setup, Command, find_packages
+    from setuptools import Command, find_packages, setup
     setuptools_available = True
 except ImportError:
-    from distutils.core import setup, Command
+    from distutils.core import Command, setup
     setuptools_available = False
 from distutils.spawn import spawn
 
diff --git a/test/helper.py b/test/helper.py
index 28c21b2eb6794d483027564f7ad8ca199eba678c..81e53ed74c52304db8d644e4114fc6b7b78e32d5 100644
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import errno
-import io
 import hashlib
 import json
 import os.path
 import re
-import types
 import ssl
 import sys
+import types
 
 import yt_dlp.extractor
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_os_name,
-    compat_str,
-)
-from yt_dlp.utils import (
-    preferredencoding,
-    write_string,
-)
-
+from yt_dlp.compat import compat_os_name, compat_str
+from yt_dlp.utils import preferredencoding, write_string
 
 if 'pytest' in sys.modules:
     import pytest
@@ -35,10 +25,10 @@ def get_params(override=None):
                                    'parameters.json')
     LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
                                          'local_parameters.json')
-    with io.open(PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
+    with open(PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
         parameters = json.load(pf)
     if os.path.exists(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE):
-        with io.open(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
+        with open(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
             parameters.update(json.load(pf))
     if override:
         parameters.update(override)
@@ -63,8 +53,8 @@ def report_warning(message):
         _msg_header = '\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
     else:
         _msg_header = 'WARNING:'
-    output = '%s %s\n' % (_msg_header, message)
-    if 'b' in getattr(sys.stderr, 'mode', '') or sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    output = f'{_msg_header} {message}\n'
+    if 'b' in getattr(sys.stderr, 'mode', ''):
         output = output.encode(preferredencoding())
     sys.stderr.write(output)
 
@@ -74,7 +64,7 @@ def __init__(self, override=None):
         # Different instances of the downloader can't share the same dictionary
         # some test set the "sublang" parameter, which would break the md5 checks.
         params = get_params(override=override)
-        super(FakeYDL, self).__init__(params, auto_init=False)
+        super().__init__(params, auto_init=False)
         self.result = []
 
     def to_screen(self, s, skip_eol=None):
@@ -99,8 +89,7 @@ def report_warning(self, message):
 
 def gettestcases(include_onlymatching=False):
     for ie in yt_dlp.extractor.gen_extractors():
-        for tc in ie.get_testcases(include_onlymatching):
-            yield tc
+        yield from ie.get_testcases(include_onlymatching)
 
 
 md5 = lambda s: hashlib.md5(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
@@ -113,33 +102,30 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
 
         self.assertTrue(
             isinstance(got, compat_str),
-            'Expected a %s object, but got %s for field %s' % (
-                compat_str.__name__, type(got).__name__, field))
+            f'Expected a {compat_str.__name__} object, but got {type(got).__name__} for field {field}')
         self.assertTrue(
             match_rex.match(got),
-            'field %s (value: %r) should match %r' % (field, got, match_str))
+            f'field {field} (value: {got!r}) should match {match_str!r}')
     elif isinstance(expected, compat_str) and expected.startswith('startswith:'):
         start_str = expected[len('startswith:'):]
         self.assertTrue(
             isinstance(got, compat_str),
-            'Expected a %s object, but got %s for field %s' % (
-                compat_str.__name__, type(got).__name__, field))
+            f'Expected a {compat_str.__name__} object, but got {type(got).__name__} for field {field}')
         self.assertTrue(
             got.startswith(start_str),
-            'field %s (value: %r) should start with %r' % (field, got, start_str))
+            f'field {field} (value: {got!r}) should start with {start_str!r}')
     elif isinstance(expected, compat_str) and expected.startswith('contains:'):
         contains_str = expected[len('contains:'):]
         self.assertTrue(
             isinstance(got, compat_str),
-            'Expected a %s object, but got %s for field %s' % (
-                compat_str.__name__, type(got).__name__, field))
+            f'Expected a {compat_str.__name__} object, but got {type(got).__name__} for field {field}')
         self.assertTrue(
             contains_str in got,
-            'field %s (value: %r) should contain %r' % (field, got, contains_str))
+            f'field {field} (value: {got!r}) should contain {contains_str!r}')
     elif isinstance(expected, type):
         self.assertTrue(
             isinstance(got, expected),
-            'Expected type %r for field %s, but got value %r of type %r' % (expected, field, got, type(got)))
+            f'Expected type {expected!r} for field {field}, but got value {got!r} of type {type(got)!r}')
     elif isinstance(expected, dict) and isinstance(got, dict):
         expect_dict(self, got, expected)
     elif isinstance(expected, list) and isinstance(got, list):
@@ -159,13 +145,12 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
         if isinstance(expected, compat_str) and expected.startswith('md5:'):
             self.assertTrue(
                 isinstance(got, compat_str),
-                'Expected field %s to be a unicode object, but got value %r of type %r' % (field, got, type(got)))
+                f'Expected field {field} to be a unicode object, but got value {got!r} of type {type(got)!r}')
             got = 'md5:' + md5(got)
         elif isinstance(expected, compat_str) and re.match(r'^(?:min|max)?count:\d+', expected):
             self.assertTrue(
                 isinstance(got, (list, dict)),
-                'Expected field %s to be a list or a dict, but it is of type %s' % (
-                    field, type(got).__name__))
+                f'Expected field {field} to be a list or a dict, but it is of type {type(got).__name__}')
             op, _, expected_num = expected.partition(':')
             expected_num = int(expected_num)
             if op == 'mincount':
@@ -185,7 +170,7 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
             return
         self.assertEqual(
             expected, got,
-            'Invalid value for field %s, expected %r, got %r' % (field, expected, got))
+            f'Invalid value for field {field}, expected {expected!r}, got {got!r}')
 
 
 def expect_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
@@ -260,13 +245,13 @@ def _repr(v):
         info_dict_str = ''
         if len(missing_keys) != len(expected_dict):
             info_dict_str += ''.join(
-                '    %s: %s,\n' % (_repr(k), _repr(v))
+                f'    {_repr(k)}: {_repr(v)},\n'
                 for k, v in test_info_dict.items() if k not in missing_keys)
 
             if info_dict_str:
                 info_dict_str += '\n'
         info_dict_str += ''.join(
-            '    %s: %s,\n' % (_repr(k), _repr(test_info_dict[k]))
+            f'    {_repr(k)}: {_repr(test_info_dict[k])},\n'
             for k in missing_keys)
         write_string(
             '\n\'info_dict\': {\n' + info_dict_str + '},\n', out=sys.stderr)
@@ -295,21 +280,21 @@ def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
 def assertGreaterEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
     if not (got >= expected):
         if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not greater than or equal to %r' % (got, expected)
+            msg = f'{got!r} not greater than or equal to {expected!r}'
         self.assertTrue(got >= expected, msg)
 
 
 def assertLessEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
     if not (got <= expected):
         if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not less than or equal to %r' % (got, expected)
+            msg = f'{got!r} not less than or equal to {expected!r}'
         self.assertTrue(got <= expected, msg)
 
 
 def assertEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
     if not (got == expected):
         if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not equal to %r' % (got, expected)
+            msg = f'{got!r} not equal to {expected!r}'
         self.assertTrue(got == expected, msg)
 
 
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/.gitignore b/test/swftests.unused/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index da97ff7caf628e684add292463edae3d9f146734..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-*.swf
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/ArrayAccess.as b/test/swftests.unused/ArrayAccess.as
deleted file mode 100644
index e22caa386037a8763bdc636931d44399370e0c81..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/ArrayAccess.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// input: [["a", "b", "c", "d"]]
-// output: ["c", "b", "a", "d"]
-
-package {
-public class ArrayAccess {
-    public static function main(ar:Array):Array {
-    	var aa:ArrayAccess = new ArrayAccess();
-    	return aa.f(ar, 2);
-    }
-
-    private function f(ar:Array, num:Number):Array{
-        var x:String = ar[0];
-        var y:String = ar[num % ar.length];
-        ar[0] = y;
-        ar[num] = x;
-        return ar;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/ClassCall.as b/test/swftests.unused/ClassCall.as
deleted file mode 100644
index aef58daf37354718d0150867a9539158622a8392..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/ClassCall.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 121
-
-package {
-public class ClassCall {
-    public static function main():int{
-    	var f:OtherClass = new OtherClass();
-        return f.func(100,20);
-    }
-}
-}
-
-class OtherClass {
-	public function func(x: int, y: int):int {
-		return x+y+1;
-	}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/ClassConstruction.as b/test/swftests.unused/ClassConstruction.as
deleted file mode 100644
index 436479f8fc3ce28794f857f3427328347a6f651a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/ClassConstruction.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 0
-
-package {
-public class ClassConstruction {
-    public static function main():int{
-    	var f:Foo = new Foo();
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-}
-
-class Foo {
-
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/ConstArrayAccess.as b/test/swftests.unused/ConstArrayAccess.as
deleted file mode 100644
index 07dc3f46068c277142d86e59a1d2bda6351c0c8a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/ConstArrayAccess.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 4
-
-package {
-public class ConstArrayAccess {
-	private static const x:int = 2;
-	private static const ar:Array = ["42", "3411"];
-
-    public static function main():int{
-        var c:ConstArrayAccess = new ConstArrayAccess();
-        return c.f();
-    }
-
-    public function f(): int {
-    	return ar[1].length;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/ConstantInt.as b/test/swftests.unused/ConstantInt.as
deleted file mode 100644
index e0bbb6166f4d3465efb167c23c9368111e476f26..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/ConstantInt.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 2
-
-package {
-public class ConstantInt {
-	private static const x:int = 2;
-
-    public static function main():int{
-        return x;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/DictCall.as b/test/swftests.unused/DictCall.as
deleted file mode 100644
index c2d174cc2e07630ea4dd084ab3b9ac35daa18eba..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/DictCall.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// input: [{"x": 1, "y": 2}]
-// output: 3
-
-package {
-public class DictCall {
-    public static function main(d:Object):int{
-        return d.x + d.y;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/EqualsOperator.as b/test/swftests.unused/EqualsOperator.as
deleted file mode 100644
index 837a69a46f2d8485affa8d2c0a6692968798b655..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/EqualsOperator.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: false
-
-package {
-public class EqualsOperator {
-    public static function main():Boolean{
-        return 1 == 2;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/LocalVars.as b/test/swftests.unused/LocalVars.as
deleted file mode 100644
index b2911a9f3ee65bb6295e1cbaaaf24b8dfbaa01c3..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/LocalVars.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-// input: [1, 2]
-// output: 3
-
-package {
-public class LocalVars {
-    public static function main(a:int, b:int):int{
-        var c:int = a + b + b;
-        var d:int = c - b;
-        var e:int = d;
-        return e;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/MemberAssignment.as b/test/swftests.unused/MemberAssignment.as
deleted file mode 100644
index dcba5e3ffce2955c46b940c2b40a68d211ecb9a2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/MemberAssignment.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// input: [1]
-// output: 2
-
-package {
-public class MemberAssignment {
-    public var v:int;
-
-    public function g():int {
-        return this.v;
-    }
-
-    public function f(a:int):int{
-        this.v = a;
-        return this.v + this.g();
-    }
-
-    public static function main(a:int): int {
-        var v:MemberAssignment = new MemberAssignment();
-        return v.f(a);
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/NeOperator.as b/test/swftests.unused/NeOperator.as
deleted file mode 100644
index 61dcbc4e9ad2a10830680a9813b740c7c3e8a610..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/NeOperator.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 123
-
-package {
-public class NeOperator {
-    public static function main(): int {
-        var res:int = 0;
-        if (1 != 2) {
-            res += 3;
-        } else {
-            res += 4;
-        }
-        if (2 != 2) {
-            res += 10;
-        } else {
-            res += 20;
-        }
-        if (9 == 9) {
-            res += 100;
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/PrivateCall.as b/test/swftests.unused/PrivateCall.as
deleted file mode 100644
index f1c110a379c08d581445c5be56e35a1e35772b2e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/PrivateCall.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 9
-
-package {
-public class PrivateCall {
-    public static function main():int{
-    	var f:OtherClass = new OtherClass();
-        return f.func();
-    }
-}
-}
-
-class OtherClass {
-	private function pf():int {
-		return 9;
-	}
-
-	public function func():int {
-		return this.pf();
-	}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/PrivateVoidCall.as b/test/swftests.unused/PrivateVoidCall.as
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cc01679745fe36ba903c41101c1f8b44289c986..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/PrivateVoidCall.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 9
-
-package {
-public class PrivateVoidCall {
-    public static function main():int{
-        var f:OtherClass = new OtherClass();
-        f.func();
-        return 9;
-    }
-}
-}
-
-class OtherClass {
-    private function pf():void {
-        ;
-    }
-
-    public function func():void {
-        this.pf();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/StaticAssignment.as b/test/swftests.unused/StaticAssignment.as
deleted file mode 100644
index b061c219d281c1cb0affc5e1eaa04118cb321176..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/StaticAssignment.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-// input: [1]
-// output: 1
-
-package {
-public class StaticAssignment {
-	public static var v:int;
-
-    public static function main(a:int):int{
-        v = a;
-        return v;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/StaticRetrieval.as b/test/swftests.unused/StaticRetrieval.as
deleted file mode 100644
index c8352d819d71fee91e8b12829a3f48aed851a810..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/StaticRetrieval.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 1
-
-package {
-public class StaticRetrieval {
-	public static var v:int;
-
-    public static function main():int{
-        if (v) {
-        	return 0;
-        } else {
-        	return 1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/StringBasics.as b/test/swftests.unused/StringBasics.as
deleted file mode 100644
index d27430b139d71370f1dfe94a284bb8d23864c79a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/StringBasics.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 3
-
-package {
-public class StringBasics {
-    public static function main():int{
-        var s:String = "abc";
-        return s.length;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/StringCharCodeAt.as b/test/swftests.unused/StringCharCodeAt.as
deleted file mode 100644
index c20d74d657c1ce0d4e2782b9a26adcc1460b385f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/StringCharCodeAt.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 9897
-
-package {
-public class StringCharCodeAt {
-    public static function main():int{
-        var s:String = "abc";
-        return s.charCodeAt(1) * 100 + s.charCodeAt();
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/swftests.unused/StringConversion.as b/test/swftests.unused/StringConversion.as
deleted file mode 100644
index c976f504202383ec89bbb1bf469979fb6acf54c1..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/swftests.unused/StringConversion.as
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-// input: []
-// output: 2
-
-package {
-public class StringConversion {
-    public static function main():int{
-        var s:String = String(99);
-        return s.length;
-    }
-}
-}
diff --git a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
index 866ded24332b1942cf97719d6349b7d80bf661c1..173b62920147f8c0841fe7f99919df76c3e93a4c 100644
--- a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
+++ b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
-import io
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
+import threading
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, expect_dict, expect_value, http_server_port
+
 from yt_dlp.compat import compat_etree_fromstring, compat_http_server
-from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE, get_info_extractor
-from yt_dlp.utils import encode_data_uri, strip_jsonp, ExtractorError, RegexNotFoundError
-import threading
-
+from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
+from yt_dlp.utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    RegexNotFoundError,
+    encode_data_uri,
+    strip_jsonp,
+)
 
 TEAPOT_RESPONSE_STATUS = 418
 TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY = "<h1>418 I'm a teapot</h1>"
@@ -1011,8 +1013,7 @@ def test_parse_m3u8_formats(self):
         ]
 
         for m3u8_file, m3u8_url, expected_formats, expected_subs in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subs = self.ie._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     f.read(), m3u8_url, ext='mp4')
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1357,8 +1358,7 @@ def test_parse_mpd_formats(self):
         ]
 
         for mpd_file, mpd_url, mpd_base_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                     mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url, mpd_url=mpd_url)
@@ -1549,8 +1549,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
         ]
 
         for ism_file, ism_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/ism/%s.Manifest' % ism_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/ism/%s.Manifest' % ism_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')), ism_url=ism_url)
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1576,8 +1575,7 @@ def test_parse_f4m_formats(self):
         ]
 
         for f4m_file, f4m_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats = self.ie._parse_f4m_formats(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                     f4m_url, None)
@@ -1624,8 +1622,7 @@ def test_parse_xspf(self):
         ]
 
         for xspf_file, xspf_url, expected_entries in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 entries = self.ie._parse_xspf(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                     xspf_file, xspf_url=xspf_url, xspf_base_url=xspf_url)
diff --git a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
index deb35e90c7f9e5772d6d9ad9ef2d2d782a24961c..312242f0dd1db71da93145230c42cb2ce2d8512e 100644
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@@ -1,32 +1,39 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
 import re
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import copy
 import json
-
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, assertRegexpMatches
+
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.compat import compat_os_name, compat_setenv, compat_str, compat_urllib_error
+from yt_dlp.compat import (
+    compat_os_name,
+    compat_setenv,
+    compat_str,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+)
 from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE
 from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor.common import PostProcessor
-from yt_dlp.utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, match_filter_func, LazyList
+from yt_dlp.utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    LazyList,
+    int_or_none,
+    match_filter_func,
+)
 
 TEST_URL = 'http://localhost/sample.mp4'
 
 
 class YDL(FakeYDL):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(YDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.downloaded_info_dicts = []
         self.msgs = []
 
@@ -552,11 +559,11 @@ def test_subtitles(self):
         def s_formats(lang, autocaption=False):
             return [{
                 'ext': ext,
-                'url': 'http://localhost/video.%s.%s' % (lang, ext),
+                'url': f'http://localhost/video.{lang}.{ext}',
                 '_auto': autocaption,
             } for ext in ['vtt', 'srt', 'ass']]
-        subtitles = dict((l, s_formats(l)) for l in ['en', 'fr', 'es'])
-        auto_captions = dict((l, s_formats(l, True)) for l in ['it', 'pt', 'es'])
+        subtitles = {l: s_formats(l) for l in ['en', 'fr', 'es']}
+        auto_captions = {l: s_formats(l, True) for l in ['it', 'pt', 'es']}
         info_dict = {
             'id': 'test',
             'title': 'Test',
@@ -581,7 +588,7 @@ def get_info(params={}):
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertTrue(subs['en'].get('data') is None)
         self.assertEqual(subs['en']['ext'], 'ass')
 
@@ -592,39 +599,39 @@ def get_info(params={}):
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['es', 'fr', 'it']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['es', 'fr']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'es', 'fr'})
 
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['all', '-en']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['es', 'fr']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'es', 'fr'})
 
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['en', 'fr', '-en']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['fr']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'fr'})
 
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['-en', 'en']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'en'})
 
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['e.+']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['es', 'en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'es', 'en'})
 
         result = get_info({'writesubtitles': True, 'writeautomaticsub': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['es', 'pt']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['es', 'pt']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'es', 'pt'})
         self.assertFalse(subs['es']['_auto'])
         self.assertTrue(subs['pt']['_auto'])
 
         result = get_info({'writeautomaticsub': True, 'subtitleslangs': ['es', 'pt']})
         subs = result['requested_subtitles']
         self.assertTrue(subs)
-        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), set(['es', 'pt']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subs.keys()), {'es', 'pt'})
         self.assertTrue(subs['es']['_auto'])
         self.assertTrue(subs['pt']['_auto'])
 
@@ -1083,7 +1090,7 @@ def test_ignoreerrors_for_playlist_with_url_transparent_iterable_entries(self):
 
         class _YDL(YDL):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                super(_YDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
             def trouble(self, s, tb=None):
                 pass
diff --git a/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py b/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py
index c514413a4564cfab35eb308237231571233f907b..13a4569b2490abc2fec6d3a2b478d7f82074c9dd 100644
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from yt_dlp.utils import YoutubeDLCookieJar
diff --git a/test/test_aes.py b/test/test_aes.py
index 5c9273f8aaaeaf0de8596924f2d7e356dfb19b18..1c1238c8b5ed622835e0a2d382785e60c3f37722 100644
--- a/test/test_aes.py
+++ b/test/test_aes.py
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
+import base64
+
 from yt_dlp.aes import (
-    aes_decrypt,
-    aes_encrypt,
-    aes_ecb_encrypt,
-    aes_ecb_decrypt,
+    BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES,
     aes_cbc_decrypt,
     aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes,
     aes_cbc_encrypt,
     aes_ctr_decrypt,
     aes_ctr_encrypt,
+    aes_decrypt,
+    aes_decrypt_text,
+    aes_ecb_decrypt,
+    aes_ecb_encrypt,
+    aes_encrypt,
     aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify,
     aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify_bytes,
-    aes_decrypt_text,
-    BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES,
 )
 from yt_dlp.compat import compat_pycrypto_AES
 from yt_dlp.utils import bytes_to_intlist, intlist_to_bytes
-import base64
 
 # the encrypted data can be generate with 'devscripts/generate_aes_testdata.py'
 
diff --git a/test/test_age_restriction.py b/test/test_age_restriction.py
index 70f9f48455ab0fe424acff5b9908ab220e974dc2..e1012f69bb36dfee59aa0ea5d32f7334e0928185 100644
--- a/test/test_age_restriction.py
+++ b/test/test_age_restriction.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
-from test.helper import try_rm, is_download_test
+from test.helper import is_download_test, try_rm
 
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
 
diff --git a/test/test_all_urls.py b/test/test_all_urls.py
index 40d5f6e58538f7340d370c5174b63b55a35b7645..6ed8b6883aa228d50a7a47a0de6700b788d73cc4 100644
--- a/test/test_all_urls.py
+++ b/test/test_all_urls.py
@@ -1,22 +1,16 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
+import collections
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
-import collections
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 from test.helper import gettestcases
 
-from yt_dlp.extractor import (
-    FacebookIE,
-    gen_extractors,
-    YoutubeIE,
-)
+from yt_dlp.extractor import FacebookIE, YoutubeIE, gen_extractors
 
 
 class TestAllURLsMatching(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -81,11 +75,11 @@ def test_no_duplicates(self):
             url = tc['url']
             for ie in ies:
                 if type(ie).__name__ in ('GenericIE', tc['name'] + 'IE'):
-                    self.assertTrue(ie.suitable(url), '%s should match URL %r' % (type(ie).__name__, url))
+                    self.assertTrue(ie.suitable(url), f'{type(ie).__name__} should match URL {url!r}')
                 else:
                     self.assertFalse(
                         ie.suitable(url),
-                        '%s should not match URL %r . That URL belongs to %s.' % (type(ie).__name__, url, tc['name']))
+                        f'{type(ie).__name__} should not match URL {url!r} . That URL belongs to {tc["name"]}.')
 
     def test_keywords(self):
         self.assertMatch(':ytsubs', ['youtube:subscriptions'])
@@ -120,7 +114,7 @@ def test_no_duplicated_ie_names(self):
         for (ie_name, ie_list) in name_accu.items():
             self.assertEqual(
                 len(ie_list), 1,
-                'Multiple extractors with the same IE_NAME "%s" (%s)' % (ie_name, ', '.join(ie_list)))
+                f'Multiple extractors with the same IE_NAME "{ie_name}" ({", ".join(ie_list)})')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/test/test_cache.py b/test/test_cache.py
index 8c4f853872b0bc1184630150f9bc00fd77fb125e..14e54ba2047bc3aa6a51975ab746eb61801b79d5 100644
--- a/test/test_cache.py
+++ b/test/test_cache.py
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import shutil
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
+import shutil
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 from test.helper import FakeYDL
+
 from yt_dlp.cache import Cache
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_compat.py b/test/test_compat.py
index c9bc4d7fb5c68f9bbce35425602194817b7da64f..20dab9573ff808ffcf2de90e6e3940fe28ea24b8 100644
--- a/test/test_compat.py
+++ b/test/test_compat.py
@@ -1,26 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_getenv,
-    compat_setenv,
-    compat_etree_Element,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
-    compat_shlex_split,
+    compat_getenv,
+    compat_setenv,
     compat_str,
     compat_struct_unpack,
-    compat_urllib_parse_quote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus,
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
@@ -52,30 +45,9 @@ def test_all_present(self):
         all_names = yt_dlp.compat.__all__
         present_names = set(filter(
             lambda c: '_' in c and not c.startswith('_'),
-            dir(yt_dlp.compat))) - set(['unicode_literals'])
+            dir(yt_dlp.compat))) - {'unicode_literals'}
         self.assertEqual(all_names, sorted(present_names))
 
-    def test_compat_urllib_parse_quote(self):
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('abc def'), 'abc%20def')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('/user/abc+def'), '/user/abc%2Bdef')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('/user/abc+def', safe='+'), '%2Fuser%2Fabc+def')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('%'), '%25')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('%', safe='%'), '%')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote('津波'), '%E6%B4%A5%E6%B3%A2')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote('''<meta property="og:description" content="▁▂▃▄%▅▆▇█" />
-%<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/تسونامي">%a''', safe='<>=":%/ \r\n'),
-            '''<meta property="og:description" content="%E2%96%81%E2%96%82%E2%96%83%E2%96%84%%E2%96%85%E2%96%86%E2%96%87%E2%96%88" />
-%<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A">%a''')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote('''(^◣_◢^)っ︻デ═一    ⇀    ⇀    ⇀    ⇀    ⇀    ↶%I%Break%25Things%''', safe='% '),
-            '''%28%5E%E2%97%A3_%E2%97%A2%5E%29%E3%81%A3%EF%B8%BB%E3%83%87%E2%95%90%E4%B8%80    %E2%87%80    %E2%87%80    %E2%87%80    %E2%87%80    %E2%87%80    %E2%86%B6%I%Break%25Things%''')
-
-    def test_compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus(self):
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus('abc def'), 'abc+def')
-        self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus('/abc def'), '%2Fabc+def')
-
     def test_compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self):
         self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_unquote('abc%20def'), 'abc def')
         self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_unquote('%7e/abc+def'), '~/abc+def')
@@ -109,17 +81,6 @@ def test_compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(self):
         self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_urlencode([(b'abc', 'def')]), 'abc=def')
         self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse_urlencode([(b'abc', b'def')]), 'abc=def')
 
-    def test_compat_shlex_split(self):
-        self.assertEqual(compat_shlex_split('-option "one two"'), ['-option', 'one two'])
-        self.assertEqual(compat_shlex_split('-option "one\ntwo" \n -flag'), ['-option', 'one\ntwo', '-flag'])
-        self.assertEqual(compat_shlex_split('-val 中文'), ['-val', '中文'])
-
-    def test_compat_etree_Element(self):
-        try:
-            compat_etree_Element.items
-        except AttributeError:
-            self.fail('compat_etree_Element is not a type')
-
     def test_compat_etree_fromstring(self):
         xml = '''
             <root foo="bar" spam="中文">
diff --git a/test/test_cookies.py b/test/test_cookies.py
index 842ebcb99bbefe041100dea61c266c85a9c3555b..5bfaec367802db8f92650d1dcbcb39d6d833c664 100644
--- a/test/test_cookies.py
+++ b/test/test_cookies.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
     LinuxChromeCookieDecryptor,
     MacChromeCookieDecryptor,
     WindowsChromeCookieDecryptor,
-    parse_safari_cookies,
-    pbkdf2_sha1,
     _get_linux_desktop_environment,
     _LinuxDesktopEnvironment,
+    parse_safari_cookies,
+    pbkdf2_sha1,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_download.py b/test/test_download.py
index 818a670fbd8a7140557c8acd7e47ea0c144e804e..9a83bee2f5fdd5fad7e89a8dd709e00e145d1808 100755
--- a/test/test_download.py
+++ b/test/test_download.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
+import hashlib
+import json
 import os
+import socket
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from test.helper import (
@@ -19,25 +20,19 @@
     try_rm,
 )
 
-
-import hashlib
-import io
-import json
-import socket
-
 import yt_dlp.YoutubeDL
 from yt_dlp.compat import (
     compat_http_client,
-    compat_urllib_error,
     compat_HTTPError,
+    compat_urllib_error,
 )
+from yt_dlp.extractor import get_info_extractor
 from yt_dlp.utils import (
     DownloadError,
     ExtractorError,
-    format_bytes,
     UnavailableVideoError,
+    format_bytes,
 )
-from yt_dlp.extractor import get_info_extractor
 
 RETRIES = 3
 
@@ -46,7 +41,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.to_stderr = self.to_screen
         self.processed_info_dicts = []
-        super(YoutubeDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, message):
         # Don't accept warnings during tests
@@ -54,7 +49,7 @@ def report_warning(self, message):
 
     def process_info(self, info_dict):
         self.processed_info_dicts.append(info_dict.copy())
-        return super(YoutubeDL, self).process_info(info_dict)
+        return super().process_info(info_dict)
 
 
 def _file_md5(fn):
@@ -80,7 +75,7 @@ def __str__(self):
 
         def strclass(cls):
             """From 2.7's unittest; 2.6 had _strclass so we can't import it."""
-            return '%s.%s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
+            return f'{cls.__module__}.{cls.__name__}'
 
         add_ie = getattr(self, self._testMethodName).add_ie
         return '%s (%s)%s:' % (self._testMethodName,
@@ -179,7 +174,7 @@ def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
                         report_warning('%s failed due to network errors, skipping...' % tname)
                         return
 
-                    print('Retrying: {0} failed tries\n\n##########\n\n'.format(try_num))
+                    print(f'Retrying: {try_num} failed tries\n\n##########\n\n')
 
                     try_num += 1
                 else:
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@ def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
                 self.assertTrue(
                     os.path.exists(info_json_fn),
                     'Missing info file %s' % info_json_fn)
-                with io.open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
+                with open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
                     info_dict = json.load(infof)
                 expect_info_dict(self, info_dict, tc.get('info_dict', {}))
         finally:
diff --git a/test/test_downloader_http.py b/test/test_downloader_http.py
index 03ae8c62a4cc4bd1e29b2bb37624a39be2d9757a..c33308064fa1b1ecb90f90eb12c60b6d54476d1d 100644
--- a/test/test_downloader_http.py
+++ b/test/test_downloader_http.py
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
+import threading
 from test.helper import http_server_port, try_rm
+
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
 from yt_dlp.compat import compat_http_server
 from yt_dlp.downloader.http import HttpFD
 from yt_dlp.utils import encodeFilename
-import threading
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def do_GET(self):
             assert False
 
 
-class FakeLogger(object):
+class FakeLogger:
     def debug(self, msg):
         pass
 
diff --git a/test/test_execution.py b/test/test_execution.py
index cf6b6b91350d13b03964dd9fc84659a59fe3dbcf..6a3e9944bfb4f1ed75d1ab083adddb6b9dfbefd4 100644
--- a/test/test_execution.py
+++ b/test/test_execution.py
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import unittest
-
-import sys
 import os
 import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from yt_dlp.utils import encodeArgument
@@ -26,8 +22,7 @@ def test_import(self):
         subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-c', 'import yt_dlp'], cwd=rootDir)
 
     def test_module_exec(self):
-        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 doesn't support package execution
-            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'yt_dlp', '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
+        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'yt_dlp', '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
 
     def test_main_exec(self):
         subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'yt_dlp/__main__.py', '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
@@ -46,7 +41,7 @@ def test_lazy_extractors(self):
         finally:
             try:
                 os.remove('yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py')
-            except (IOError, OSError):
+            except OSError:
                 pass
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_http.py b/test/test_http.py
index 40df167e07969a4e0d93c3ae497ee725ebab1be0..029996ca93f14cf3c6721c5ac806a7f11cce19e6 100644
--- a/test/test_http.py
+++ b/test/test_http.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
+import ssl
+import threading
 from test.helper import http_server_port
+
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
 from yt_dlp.compat import compat_http_server, compat_urllib_request
-import ssl
-import threading
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
@@ -32,17 +31,6 @@ def do_GET(self):
             self.send_header('Content-Type', 'video/mp4')
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x66\x74[video]')
-        elif self.path == '/302':
-            if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
-                # XXX: Python 3 http server does not allow non-ASCII header values
-                self.send_response(404)
-                self.end_headers()
-                return
-
-            new_url = 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/中文.html' % http_server_port(self.server)
-            self.send_response(302)
-            self.send_header(b'Location', new_url.encode('utf-8'))
-            self.end_headers()
         elif self.path == '/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html':
             self.send_response(200)
             self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
@@ -52,7 +40,7 @@ def do_GET(self):
             assert False
 
 
-class FakeLogger(object):
+class FakeLogger:
     def debug(self, msg):
         pass
 
@@ -72,15 +60,6 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.server_thread.daemon = True
         self.server_thread.start()
 
-    def test_unicode_path_redirection(self):
-        # XXX: Python 3 http server does not allow non-ASCII header values
-        if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
-            return
-
-        ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger()})
-        r = ydl.extract_info('http://127.0.0.1:%d/302' % self.port)
-        self.assertEqual(r['entries'][0]['url'], 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/vid.mp4' % self.port)
-
 
 class TestHTTPS(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
@@ -95,11 +74,10 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.server_thread.start()
 
     def test_nocheckcertificate(self):
-        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7, 9):  # No certificate checking anyways
-            ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger()})
-            self.assertRaises(
-                Exception,
-                ydl.extract_info, 'https://127.0.0.1:%d/video.html' % self.port)
+        ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger()})
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Exception,
+            ydl.extract_info, 'https://127.0.0.1:%d/video.html' % self.port)
 
         ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger(), 'nocheckcertificate': True})
         r = ydl.extract_info('https://127.0.0.1:%d/video.html' % self.port)
@@ -138,23 +116,23 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.geo_proxy_thread.start()
 
     def test_proxy(self):
-        geo_proxy = '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.geo_port)
+        geo_proxy = f'127.0.0.1:{self.geo_port}'
         ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.port),
+            'proxy': f'127.0.0.1:{self.port}',
             'geo_verification_proxy': geo_proxy,
         })
         url = 'http://foo.com/bar'
         response = ydl.urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')
-        self.assertEqual(response, 'normal: {0}'.format(url))
+        self.assertEqual(response, f'normal: {url}')
 
         req = compat_urllib_request.Request(url)
         req.add_header('Ytdl-request-proxy', geo_proxy)
         response = ydl.urlopen(req).read().decode('utf-8')
-        self.assertEqual(response, 'geo: {0}'.format(url))
+        self.assertEqual(response, f'geo: {url}')
 
     def test_proxy_with_idn(self):
         ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.port),
+            'proxy': f'127.0.0.1:{self.port}',
         })
         url = 'http://中文.tw/'
         response = ydl.urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')
diff --git a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
index adbae469030f2e41fd14f6834bb66690c96ee487..4b82b71874446701b50c31fae698c6acb0d403b7 100644
--- a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
+++ b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, is_download_test
+
 from yt_dlp.extractor import IqiyiIE
 
 
-class WarningLogger(object):
+class WarningLogger:
     def __init__(self):
         self.messages = []
 
diff --git a/test/test_jsinterp.py b/test/test_jsinterp.py
index eed8ce22f0b10b3c661f6e24379a6dbd9cfba0cc..a69932196dbce7f0e69727c16d315d465d1d3768 100644
--- a/test/test_jsinterp.py
+++ b/test/test_jsinterp.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from yt_dlp.jsinterp import JSInterpreter
diff --git a/test/test_netrc.py b/test/test_netrc.py
index 94a703406b1000ae09ae78ebc3197f3c2b801b7c..f7a0b33d269c1ecd7bd4b8af5f9d24769b96f063 100644
--- a/test/test_netrc.py
+++ b/test/test_netrc.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_overwrites.py b/test/test_overwrites.py
index 19d352942d3b7cbf119f31367d41ecc1064550c0..0c22b079339b18a282a31e2b34e5ff9b08ba93cc 100644
--- a/test/test_overwrites.py
+++ b/test/test_overwrites.py
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
-from os.path import join
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from test.helper import is_download_test, try_rm
 
-
 root_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-download_file = join(root_dir, 'test.mkv')
+download_file = os.path.join(root_dir, 'test.mkv')
 
 
 @is_download_test
@@ -46,7 +43,7 @@ def test_yes_overwrites(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.getsize(download_file) > 1)
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        try_rm(download_file)
+        try_rm(os.path.join(root_dir, 'test.mkv'))
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/test/test_post_hooks.py b/test/test_post_hooks.py
index 1555a23e0dfd617bdcfc35dc851918077042d3a0..e84a08f2958ad90cfe0fd4242686229c1206a935 100644
--- a/test/test_post_hooks.py
+++ b/test/test_post_hooks.py
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
-from test.helper import get_params, try_rm, is_download_test
+from test.helper import get_params, is_download_test, try_rm
+
 import yt_dlp.YoutubeDL
 from yt_dlp.utils import DownloadError
 
 
 class YoutubeDL(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(YoutubeDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.to_stderr = self.to_screen
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_postprocessors.py b/test/test_postprocessors.py
index bbe998993f4f816cf9090c1579580ac123b33940..9d8a4dcc505a888aea165d158b9fb26519c4112e 100644
--- a/test/test_postprocessors.py
+++ b/test/test_postprocessors.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@
     FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
     MetadataFromFieldPP,
     MetadataParserPP,
-    ModifyChaptersPP
+    ModifyChaptersPP,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_socks.py b/test/test_socks.py
index cf1f613ab4b856f45ef3134020269dec7c05b035..546f0d73dc37326cf69d951f084f0754f894f187 100644
--- a/test/test_socks.py
+++ b/test/test_socks.py
@@ -1,25 +1,16 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import random
 import subprocess
+from test.helper import FakeYDL, get_params, is_download_test
 
-from test.helper import (
-    FakeYDL,
-    get_params,
-    is_download_test,
-)
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_request,
-)
+from yt_dlp.compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_request
 
 
 @is_download_test
diff --git a/test/test_subtitles.py b/test/test_subtitles.py
index 95e33e54acc4aec23cee901fea860518a5ecb039..362b67ceff62f8f1720538e7ac471688a4276d2d 100644
--- a/test/test_subtitles.py
+++ b/test/test_subtitles.py
@@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
-from test.helper import FakeYDL, md5, is_download_test
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
+from test.helper import FakeYDL, is_download_test, md5
 
 from yt_dlp.extractor import (
-    YoutubeIE,
-    DailymotionIE,
-    TedTalkIE,
-    VimeoIE,
-    WallaIE,
-    CeskaTelevizeIE,
-    LyndaIE,
     NPOIE,
+    NRKTVIE,
     PBSIE,
+    CeskaTelevizeIE,
     ComedyCentralIE,
-    NRKTVIE,
+    DailymotionIE,
+    DemocracynowIE,
+    LyndaIE,
     RaiPlayIE,
-    VikiIE,
-    ThePlatformIE,
-    ThePlatformFeedIE,
     RTVEALaCartaIE,
-    DemocracynowIE,
+    TedTalkIE,
+    ThePlatformFeedIE,
+    ThePlatformIE,
+    VikiIE,
+    VimeoIE,
+    WallaIE,
+    YoutubeIE,
 )
 
 
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ def getSubtitles(self):
             if sub_info.get('data') is None:
                 uf = self.DL.urlopen(sub_info['url'])
                 sub_info['data'] = uf.read().decode('utf-8')
-        return dict((l, sub_info['data']) for l, sub_info in subtitles.items())
+        return {l: sub_info['data'] for l, sub_info in subtitles.items()}
 
 
 @is_download_test
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['de', 'en', 'es', 'fr']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'de', 'en', 'es', 'fr'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '8062383cf4dec168fc40a088aa6d5888')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), 'b6191146a6c5d3a452244d853fde6dc8')
 
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['heb']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'heb'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['heb']), 'e758c5d7cb982f6bef14f377ec7a3920')
 
     def test_nosubtitles(self):
@@ -208,7 +206,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['cs']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'cs'})
         self.assertTrue(len(subtitles['cs']) > 20000)
 
     def test_nosubtitles(self):
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '09bbe67222259bed60deaa26997d73a7')
 
 
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['nl']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'nl'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['nl']), 'fc6435027572b63fb4ab143abd5ad3f4')
 
 
@@ -252,13 +250,13 @@ class TestMTVSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
     IE = ComedyCentralIE
 
     def getInfoDict(self):
-        return super(TestMTVSubtitles, self).getInfoDict()['entries'][0]
+        return super().getInfoDict()['entries'][0]
 
     def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '78206b8d8a0cfa9da64dc026eea48961')
 
 
@@ -271,7 +269,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['no']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'no'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['no']), '544fa917d3197fcbee64634559221cc2')
 
 
@@ -284,7 +282,7 @@ def test_subtitles_key(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['it']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'it'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), 'b1d90a98755126b61e667567a1f6680a')
 
     def test_subtitles_array_key(self):
@@ -292,7 +290,7 @@ def test_subtitles_array_key(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['it']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'it'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '4b3264186fbb103508abe5311cfcb9cd')
 
 
@@ -305,7 +303,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '53cb083a5914b2d84ef1ab67b880d18a')
 
 
@@ -320,7 +318,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '97e7670cbae3c4d26ae8bcc7fdd78d4b')
 
 
@@ -333,7 +331,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '48649a22e82b2da21c9a67a395eedade')
 
 
@@ -348,7 +346,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['es']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'es'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['es']), '69e70cae2d40574fb7316f31d6eb7fca')
 
 
@@ -361,7 +359,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'acaca989e24a9e45a6719c9b3d60815c')
 
     def test_subtitles_in_page(self):
@@ -369,7 +367,7 @@ def test_subtitles_in_page(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'acaca989e24a9e45a6719c9b3d60815c')
 
 
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
         self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
         subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
 
     def test_subtitles_dfxp_format(self):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
diff --git a/test/test_swfinterp.py.disabled b/test/test_swfinterp.py.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d5b21e6d218eb20be42d8b8cc1c76d939260ab7..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/test_swfinterp.py.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-# Allow direct execution
-import os
-import sys
-import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-
-import errno
-import io
-import json
-import re
-import subprocess
-
-from yt_dlp.swfinterp import SWFInterpreter
-
-
-TEST_DIR = os.path.join(
-    os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'swftests')
-
-
-class TestSWFInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
-    pass
-
-
-def _make_testfunc(testfile):
-    m = re.match(r'^(.*)\.(as)$', testfile)
-    if not m:
-        return
-    test_id = m.group(1)
-
-    def test_func(self):
-        as_file = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, testfile)
-        swf_file = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, test_id + '.swf')
-        if ((not os.path.exists(swf_file))
-                or os.path.getmtime(swf_file) < os.path.getmtime(as_file)):
-            # Recompile
-            try:
-                subprocess.check_call([
-                    'mxmlc', '-output', swf_file,
-                    '-static-link-runtime-shared-libraries', as_file])
-            except OSError as ose:
-                if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
-                    print('mxmlc not found! Skipping test.')
-                    return
-                raise
-
-        with open(swf_file, 'rb') as swf_f:
-            swf_content = swf_f.read()
-        swfi = SWFInterpreter(swf_content)
-
-        with io.open(as_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as as_f:
-            as_content = as_f.read()
-
-        def _find_spec(key):
-            m = re.search(
-                r'(?m)^//\s*%s:\s*(.*?)\n' % re.escape(key), as_content)
-            if not m:
-                raise ValueError('Cannot find %s in %s' % (key, testfile))
-            return json.loads(m.group(1))
-
-        input_args = _find_spec('input')
-        output = _find_spec('output')
-
-        swf_class = swfi.extract_class(test_id)
-        func = swfi.extract_function(swf_class, 'main')
-        res = func(input_args)
-        self.assertEqual(res, output)
-
-    test_func.__name__ = str('test_swf_' + test_id)
-    setattr(TestSWFInterpreter, test_func.__name__, test_func)
-
-
-for testfile in os.listdir(TEST_DIR):
-    _make_testfunc(testfile)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_unicode_literals.py.disabled b/test/test_unicode_literals.py.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c1b7ec915c60321e62c7c44728f5486921e772f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/test/test_unicode_literals.py.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-# Allow direct execution
-import os
-import sys
-import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-import io
-import re
-
-rootDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-IGNORED_FILES = [
-    'setup.py',  # http://bugs.python.org/issue13943
-    'conf.py',
-    'buildserver.py',
-]
-
-IGNORED_DIRS = [
-    '.git',
-    '.tox',
-]
-
-from test.helper import assertRegexpMatches
-
-
-class TestUnicodeLiterals(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_all_files(self):
-        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(rootDir):
-            for ignore_dir in IGNORED_DIRS:
-                if ignore_dir in dirnames:
-                    # If we remove the directory from dirnames os.walk won't
-                    # recurse into it
-                    dirnames.remove(ignore_dir)
-            for basename in filenames:
-                if not basename.endswith('.py'):
-                    continue
-                if basename in IGNORED_FILES:
-                    continue
-
-                fn = os.path.join(dirpath, basename)
-                with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
-                    code = inf.read()
-
-                if "'" not in code and '"' not in code:
-                    continue
-                assertRegexpMatches(
-                    self,
-                    code,
-                    r'(?:(?:#.*?|\s*)\n)*from __future__ import (?:[a-z_]+,\s*)*unicode_literals',
-                    'unicode_literals import  missing in %s' % fn)
-
-                m = re.search(r'(?<=\s)u[\'"](?!\)|,|$)', code)
-                if m is not None:
-                    self.assertTrue(
-                        m is None,
-                        'u present in %s, around %s' % (
-                            fn, code[m.start() - 10:m.end() + 10]))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_update.py.disabled b/test/test_update.py.disabled
index 1e8edf0f6b883d7ac0a0857d2afdd781407d9bdb..389b8ffe5fdaf56512cfd6c11b338073d42fe6ae 100644
--- a/test/test_update.py.disabled
+++ b/test/test_update.py.disabled
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 import json
+
 from yt_dlp.update import rsa_verify
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_utils.py b/test/test_utils.py
index 1f826c2f222d3ddd87add3e6a9d894b2f1518499..7909dc61c060dc9228c3dde7555aad1a4979f61f 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
@@ -16,75 +13,95 @@
 import json
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
+from yt_dlp.compat import (
+    compat_chr,
+    compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_getenv,
+    compat_HTMLParseError,
+    compat_os_name,
+    compat_setenv,
+)
 from yt_dlp.utils import (
+    Config,
+    DateRange,
+    ExtractorError,
+    InAdvancePagedList,
+    LazyList,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     age_restricted,
     args_to_str,
-    encode_base_n,
+    base_url,
     caesar,
     clean_html,
     clean_podcast_url,
-    Config,
+    cli_bool_option,
+    cli_option,
+    cli_valueless_option,
     date_from_str,
     datetime_from_str,
-    DateRange,
     detect_exe_version,
     determine_ext,
+    dfxp2srt,
     dict_get,
+    encode_base_n,
     encode_compat_str,
     encodeFilename,
     escape_rfc3986,
     escape_url,
+    expand_path,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     find_xpath_attr,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
-    format_bytes,
     float_or_none,
-    get_element_by_class,
+    format_bytes,
     get_element_by_attribute,
-    get_elements_by_class,
-    get_elements_by_attribute,
-    get_element_html_by_class,
+    get_element_by_class,
     get_element_html_by_attribute,
-    get_elements_html_by_class,
+    get_element_html_by_class,
+    get_element_text_and_html_by_tag,
+    get_elements_by_attribute,
+    get_elements_by_class,
     get_elements_html_by_attribute,
+    get_elements_html_by_class,
     get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute,
-    get_element_text_and_html_by_tag,
-    InAdvancePagedList,
     int_or_none,
     intlist_to_bytes,
+    iri_to_uri,
     is_html,
     js_to_json,
     limit_length,
     locked_file,
+    lowercase_escape,
+    match_str,
     merge_dicts,
     mimetype2ext,
     month_by_name,
     multipart_encode,
     ohdave_rsa_encrypt,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     orderedSet,
     parse_age_limit,
+    parse_bitrate,
+    parse_codecs,
+    parse_count,
+    parse_dfxp_time_expr,
     parse_duration,
     parse_filesize,
-    parse_count,
     parse_iso8601,
-    parse_resolution,
-    parse_bitrate,
     parse_qs,
+    parse_resolution,
     pkcs1pad,
+    prepend_extension,
     read_batch_urls,
+    remove_end,
+    remove_quotes,
+    remove_start,
+    render_table,
+    replace_extension,
+    rot47,
     sanitize_filename,
     sanitize_path,
     sanitize_url,
     sanitized_Request,
-    expand_path,
-    prepend_extension,
-    replace_extension,
-    remove_start,
-    remove_end,
-    remove_quotes,
-    rot47,
     shell_quote,
     smuggle_url,
     str_to_int,
@@ -96,38 +113,18 @@
     unified_strdate,
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
     uppercase_escape,
-    lowercase_escape,
     url_basename,
     url_or_none,
-    base_url,
-    urljoin,
     urlencode_postdata,
+    urljoin,
     urshift,
-    update_url_query,
     version_tuple,
-    xpath_with_ns,
+    xpath_attr,
     xpath_element,
     xpath_text,
-    xpath_attr,
-    render_table,
-    match_str,
-    parse_dfxp_time_expr,
-    dfxp2srt,
-    cli_option,
-    cli_valueless_option,
-    cli_bool_option,
-    parse_codecs,
-    iri_to_uri,
-    LazyList,
-)
-from yt_dlp.compat import (
-    compat_chr,
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_getenv,
-    compat_HTMLParseError,
-    compat_os_name,
-    compat_setenv,
+    xpath_with_ns,
 )
 
 
@@ -266,7 +263,7 @@ def test_extract_basic_auth(self):
 
     def test_expand_path(self):
         def env(var):
-            return '%{0}%'.format(var) if sys.platform == 'win32' else '${0}'.format(var)
+            return f'%{var}%' if sys.platform == 'win32' else f'${var}'
 
         compat_setenv('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH', 'expanded')
         self.assertEqual(expand_path(env('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH')), 'expanded')
@@ -538,9 +535,6 @@ def test_str_to_int(self):
         self.assertEqual(str_to_int('123,456'), 123456)
         self.assertEqual(str_to_int('123.456'), 123456)
         self.assertEqual(str_to_int(523), 523)
-        # Python 3 has no long
-        if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
-            eval('self.assertEqual(str_to_int(123456L), 123456)')
         self.assertEqual(str_to_int('noninteger'), None)
         self.assertEqual(str_to_int([]), None)
 
@@ -669,8 +663,7 @@ def testPL(size, pagesize, sliceargs, expected):
             def get_page(pagenum):
                 firstid = pagenum * pagesize
                 upto = min(size, pagenum * pagesize + pagesize)
-                for i in range(firstid, upto):
-                    yield i
+                yield from range(firstid, upto)
 
             pl = OnDemandPagedList(get_page, pagesize)
             got = pl.getslice(*sliceargs)
@@ -739,7 +732,7 @@ def test_multipart_encode(self):
             multipart_encode({b'field': b'value'}, boundary='AAAAAA')[0],
             b'--AAAAAA\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="field"\r\n\r\nvalue\r\n--AAAAAA--\r\n')
         self.assertEqual(
-            multipart_encode({'欄位'.encode('utf-8'): '值'.encode('utf-8')}, boundary='AAAAAA')[0],
+            multipart_encode({'欄位'.encode(): '值'.encode()}, boundary='AAAAAA')[0],
             b'--AAAAAA\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="\xe6\xac\x84\xe4\xbd\x8d"\r\n\r\n\xe5\x80\xbc\r\n--AAAAAA--\r\n')
         self.assertRaises(
             ValueError, multipart_encode, {b'field': b'value'}, boundary='value')
@@ -1400,7 +1393,7 @@ def test_dfxp2srt(self):
                     <p begin="3" dur="-1">Ignored, three</p>
                 </div>
             </body>
-            </tt>'''.encode('utf-8')
+            </tt>'''.encode()
         srt_data = '''1
 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,000
 The following line contains Chinese characters and special symbols
@@ -1418,14 +1411,14 @@ def test_dfxp2srt(self):
 '''
         self.assertEqual(dfxp2srt(dfxp_data), srt_data)
 
-        dfxp_data_no_default_namespace = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        dfxp_data_no_default_namespace = b'''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
             <tt xml:lang="en" xmlns:tts="http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#parameter">
             <body>
                 <div xml:lang="en">
                     <p begin="0" end="1">The first line</p>
                 </div>
             </body>
-            </tt>'''.encode('utf-8')
+            </tt>'''
         srt_data = '''1
 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,000
 The first line
@@ -1433,7 +1426,7 @@ def test_dfxp2srt(self):
 '''
         self.assertEqual(dfxp2srt(dfxp_data_no_default_namespace), srt_data)
 
-        dfxp_data_with_style = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+        dfxp_data_with_style = b'''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <tt xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1" xmlns:ttp="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1#parameter" ttp:timeBase="media" xmlns:tts="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1#style" xml:lang="en" xmlns:ttm="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1#metadata">
   <head>
     <styling>
@@ -1451,7 +1444,7 @@ def test_dfxp2srt(self):
       <p style="s1" tts:textDecoration="underline" begin="00:00:09.56" id="p2" end="00:00:12.36"><span style="s2" tts:color="lime">inner<br /> </span>style</p>
     </div>
   </body>
-</tt>'''.encode('utf-8')
+</tt>'''
         srt_data = '''1
 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:05,840
 <font color="white" face="sansSerif" size="16">default style<font color="red">custom style</font></font>
diff --git a/test/test_verbose_output.py b/test/test_verbose_output.py
index cc606115fe8c8fb8a5e7886197d5ce54078598a8..1213a97266f70354a775d386f5420da770ef1bdf 100644
--- a/test/test_verbose_output.py
+++ b/test/test_verbose_output.py
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import unittest
-
-import sys
 import os
 import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 rootDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
diff --git a/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled b/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled
index 7e4d8bc5a9b572daee76f491e8e6bfa2e0bc88c6..bf13efe2c3eb874884a71b3d401d8abde78d45c2 100644
--- a/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled
+++ b/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled
@@ -1,27 +1,22 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-from test.helper import get_params, try_rm, is_download_test
 
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import io
-
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
+from test.helper import get_params, is_download_test, try_rm
 
-import yt_dlp.YoutubeDL
 import yt_dlp.extractor
+import yt_dlp.YoutubeDL
 
 
 class YoutubeDL(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(YoutubeDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.to_stderr = self.to_screen
 
 
@@ -52,7 +47,7 @@ class TestAnnotations(unittest.TestCase):
         ydl.download([TEST_ID])
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(ANNOTATIONS_FILE))
         annoxml = None
-        with io.open(ANNOTATIONS_FILE, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as annof:
+        with open(ANNOTATIONS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as annof:
             annoxml = xml.etree.ElementTree.parse(annof)
         self.assertTrue(annoxml is not None, 'Failed to parse annotations XML')
         root = annoxml.getroot()
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_lists.py b/test/test_youtube_lists.py
index 455192b1f244c8554af992b5ccf908d6f9ac9b46..66611e236e4dcb04346e26cae44f5c78827d2e75 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_lists.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_lists.py
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, is_download_test
 
-from yt_dlp.extractor import (
-    YoutubeIE,
-    YoutubeTabIE,
-)
+from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE, YoutubeTabIE
 
 
 @is_download_test
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_misc.py b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
index 402681cad8f93ff5c0b85551baddd6c3237e9144..36f8be6890267464789382ad79c50113704ff0e1 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_misc.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_signature.py b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
index bbbba073f80ca456f766f161026e0c1ddb3a7d5f..ca23c910d5e3d06e0225ee59aad67c57fec83e1f 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
-import io
 import re
 import string
-
+import urllib.request
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, is_download_test
+
+from yt_dlp.compat import compat_str
 from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE
 from yt_dlp.jsinterp import JSInterpreter
-from yt_dlp.compat import compat_str, compat_urlretrieve
 
 _SIG_TESTS = [
     (
@@ -147,8 +145,8 @@ def test_func(self):
             fn = os.path.join(self.TESTDATA_DIR, basename)
 
             if not os.path.exists(fn):
-                compat_urlretrieve(url, fn)
-            with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
+                urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, fn)
+            with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
                 jscode = testf.read()
             self.assertEqual(sig_func(jscode, sig_input), expected_sig)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
index 07c97c29f32892555119d4a3ae5c0db444e94e5e..8dcca7e35af403b11d1c736298f19aea2feef735 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
-
 import collections
 import contextlib
 import datetime
@@ -16,6 +12,7 @@
 import operator
 import os
 import platform
+import random
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -24,102 +21,122 @@
 import time
 import tokenize
 import traceback
-import random
 import unicodedata
-
+import urllib.request
 from enum import Enum
 from string import ascii_letters
 
+from .cache import Cache
 from .compat import (
-    compat_basestring,
+    compat_Pattern,
     compat_brotli,
     compat_get_terminal_size,
-    compat_kwargs,
-    compat_numeric_types,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_pycrypto_AES,
     compat_shlex_quote,
     compat_str,
-    compat_tokenize_tokenize,
     compat_urllib_error,
     compat_urllib_request,
-    compat_urllib_request_DataHandler,
     windows_enable_vt_mode,
 )
 from .cookies import load_cookies
+from .downloader import LDM_EXCEPTIONS, FFmpegFD, get_suitable_downloader, shorten_protocol_name
+from .downloader.rtmp import rtmpdump_version
+from .extractor import _LAZY_LOADER
+from .extractor import _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_extractors
+from .extractor import gen_extractor_classes, get_info_extractor
+from .extractor.openload import PhantomJSwrapper
+from .minicurses import format_text
+from .postprocessor import _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_postprocessors
+from .postprocessor import (
+    FFmpegFixupDuplicateMoovPP,
+    FFmpegFixupDurationPP,
+    FFmpegFixupM3u8PP,
+    FFmpegFixupM4aPP,
+    FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
+    FFmpegFixupTimestampPP,
+    FFmpegMergerPP,
+    FFmpegPostProcessor,
+    MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP,
+    get_postprocessor,
+)
+from .update import detect_variant
 from .utils import (
+    DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
+    LINK_TEMPLATES,
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    OUTTMPL_TYPES,
+    POSTPROCESS_WHEN,
+    STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL,
+    STR_FORMAT_TYPES,
+    ContentTooShortError,
+    DateRange,
+    DownloadCancelled,
+    DownloadError,
+    EntryNotInPlaylist,
     ExclusivelyLockedError,
+    ExistingVideoReached,
+    ExtractorError,
+    GeoRestrictedError,
+    HEADRequest,
+    InAdvancePagedList,
+    ISO3166Utils,
+    LazyList,
+    MaxDownloadsReached,
+    PagedList,
+    PerRequestProxyHandler,
+    Popen,
+    PostProcessingError,
+    ReExtractInfo,
+    RejectedVideoReached,
+    SameFileError,
+    UnavailableVideoError,
+    YoutubeDLCookieProcessor,
+    YoutubeDLHandler,
+    YoutubeDLRedirectHandler,
     age_restricted,
     args_to_str,
-    compiled_regex_type,
-    ContentTooShortError,
     date_from_str,
-    DateRange,
-    DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
     determine_ext,
     determine_protocol,
     dig_object_type,
-    DownloadCancelled,
-    DownloadError,
     encode_compat_str,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
-    EntryNotInPlaylist,
     error_to_compat_str,
-    ExistingVideoReached,
     expand_path,
-    ExtractorError,
     filter_dict,
     float_or_none,
     format_bytes,
-    format_field,
     format_decimal_suffix,
+    format_field,
     formatSeconds,
-    GeoRestrictedError,
     get_domain,
     has_certifi,
-    HEADRequest,
-    InAdvancePagedList,
     int_or_none,
     iri_to_uri,
-    ISO3166Utils,
     join_nonempty,
-    LazyList,
-    LINK_TEMPLATES,
     locked_file,
     make_dir,
     make_HTTPS_handler,
-    MaxDownloadsReached,
     merge_headers,
     network_exceptions,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     number_of_digits,
     orderedSet,
-    OUTTMPL_TYPES,
-    PagedList,
     parse_filesize,
-    PerRequestProxyHandler,
     platform_name,
-    Popen,
-    POSTPROCESS_WHEN,
-    PostProcessingError,
     preferredencoding,
     prepend_extension,
-    ReExtractInfo,
     register_socks_protocols,
-    RejectedVideoReached,
     remove_terminal_sequences,
     render_table,
     replace_extension,
-    SameFileError,
     sanitize_filename,
     sanitize_open,
     sanitize_path,
     sanitize_url,
     sanitized_Request,
     std_headers,
-    STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL,
-    STR_FORMAT_TYPES,
     str_or_none,
     strftime_or_none,
     subtitles_filename,
@@ -128,45 +145,13 @@
     to_high_limit_path,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
-    UnavailableVideoError,
     url_basename,
     variadic,
     version_tuple,
     write_json_file,
     write_string,
-    YoutubeDLCookieProcessor,
-    YoutubeDLHandler,
-    YoutubeDLRedirectHandler,
-)
-from .cache import Cache
-from .minicurses import format_text
-from .extractor import (
-    gen_extractor_classes,
-    get_info_extractor,
-    _LAZY_LOADER,
-    _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_extractors
-)
-from .extractor.openload import PhantomJSwrapper
-from .downloader import (
-    FFmpegFD,
-    LDM_EXCEPTIONS,
-    get_suitable_downloader,
-    shorten_protocol_name
-)
-from .downloader.rtmp import rtmpdump_version
-from .postprocessor import (
-    get_postprocessor,
-    FFmpegFixupDuplicateMoovPP,
-    FFmpegFixupDurationPP,
-    FFmpegFixupM3u8PP,
-    FFmpegFixupM4aPP,
-    FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
-    FFmpegFixupTimestampPP,
-    FFmpegMergerPP,
-    FFmpegPostProcessor,
-    MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP,
-    _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_postprocessors
 )
+from .version import __version__
 from .longname import (
     escaped_open,
     escaped_path_exists,
@@ -185,8 +170,6 @@
     ensure_directory,
     split_longname,
 )
-from .update import detect_variant
-from .version import __version__
 try:
     from .build_config import git_commit, git_upstream_commit
 except ImportError:
@@ -196,7 +179,7 @@
     import ctypes
 
 
-class YoutubeDL(object):
+class YoutubeDL:
     """YoutubeDL class.
 
     YoutubeDL objects are the ones responsible of downloading the
@@ -557,7 +540,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        care about HLS. (only for youtube)
     """
 
-    _NUMERIC_FIELDS = set((
+    _NUMERIC_FIELDS = {
         'width', 'height', 'tbr', 'abr', 'asr', 'vbr', 'fps', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx',
         'timestamp', 'release_timestamp',
         'duration', 'view_count', 'like_count', 'dislike_count', 'repost_count',
@@ -565,7 +548,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         'start_time', 'end_time',
         'chapter_number', 'season_number', 'episode_number',
         'track_number', 'disc_number', 'release_year',
-    ))
+    }
 
     _format_fields = {
         # NB: Keep in sync with the docstring of extractor/common.py
@@ -633,7 +616,7 @@ def __init__(self, params=None, auto_init=True):
 
         def check_deprecated(param, option, suggestion):
             if self.params.get(param) is not None:
-                self.report_warning('%s is deprecated. Use %s instead' % (option, suggestion))
+                self.report_warning(f'{option} is deprecated. Use {suggestion} instead')
                 return True
             return False
 
@@ -735,7 +718,7 @@ def check_deprecated(param, option, suggestion):
             pp_def = dict(pp_def_raw)
             when = pp_def.pop('when', 'post_process')
             self.add_post_processor(
-                get_postprocessor(pp_def.pop('key'))(self, **compat_kwargs(pp_def)),
+                get_postprocessor(pp_def.pop('key'))(self, **pp_def),
                 when=when)
 
         self._setup_opener()
@@ -750,7 +733,7 @@ def preload_download_archive(fn):
                 with locked_file(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
                     for line in archive_file:
                         self.archive.add(line.strip())
-            except IOError as ioe:
+            except OSError as ioe:
                 if ioe.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                     raise
                 return False
@@ -960,6 +943,7 @@ class Styles(Enum):
         SUPPRESS = 'light black'
 
     def _format_text(self, handle, allow_colors, text, f, fallback=None, *, test_encoding=False):
+        text = str(text)
         if test_encoding:
             original_text = text
             # handle.encoding can be None. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2711
@@ -967,7 +951,7 @@ def _format_text(self, handle, allow_colors, text, f, fallback=None, *, test_enc
             text = text.encode(encoding, 'ignore').decode(encoding)
             if fallback is not None and text != original_text:
                 text = fallback
-        if isinstance(f, self.Styles):
+        if isinstance(f, Enum):
             f = f.value
         return format_text(text, f) if allow_colors else text if fallback is None else fallback
 
@@ -1050,11 +1034,9 @@ def parse_outtmpl(self):
         outtmpl_dict.update({
             k: sanitize(v) for k, v in DEFAULT_OUTTMPL.items()
             if outtmpl_dict.get(k) is None})
-        for key, val in outtmpl_dict.items():
+        for _, val in outtmpl_dict.items():
             if isinstance(val, bytes):
-                self.report_warning(
-                    'Parameter outtmpl is bytes, but should be a unicode string. '
-                    'Put  from __future__ import unicode_literals  at the top of your code file or consider switching to Python 3.x.')
+                self.report_warning('Parameter outtmpl is bytes, but should be a unicode string')
         return outtmpl_dict
 
     def get_output_path(self, dir_type='', filename=None):
@@ -1064,12 +1046,6 @@ def get_output_path(self, dir_type='', filename=None):
             expand_path(paths.get('home', '').strip()),
             expand_path(paths.get(dir_type, '').strip()) if dir_type else '',
             filename or '')
-
-        # Temporary fix for #4787
-        # 'Treat' all problem characters by passing filename through preferredencoding
-        # to workaround encoding issues with subprocess on python2 @ Windows
-        if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform == 'win32':
-            path = encodeFilename(path, True).decode(preferredencoding())
         return sanitize_path(path, force=self.params.get('windowsfilenames'))
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1079,7 +1055,7 @@ def _outtmpl_expandpath(outtmpl):
         # '%%' intact for template dict substitution step. Working around
         # with boundary-alike separator hack.
         sep = ''.join([random.choice(ascii_letters) for _ in range(32)])
-        outtmpl = outtmpl.replace('%%', '%{0}%'.format(sep)).replace('$$', '${0}$'.format(sep))
+        outtmpl = outtmpl.replace('%%', f'%{sep}%').replace('$$', f'${sep}$')
 
         # outtmpl should be expand_path'ed before template dict substitution
         # because meta fields may contain env variables we don't want to
@@ -1240,7 +1216,7 @@ def create_key(outer_mobj):
 
             fmt = outer_mobj.group('format')
             if fmt == 's' and value is not None and key in field_size_compat_map.keys():
-                fmt = '0{:d}d'.format(field_size_compat_map[key])
+                fmt = f'0{field_size_compat_map[key]:d}d'
 
             value = default if value is None else value if replacement is None else replacement
 
@@ -1254,7 +1230,7 @@ def create_key(outer_mobj):
             elif fmt[-1] == 'q':  # quoted
                 value, fmt = ' '.join(map(compat_shlex_quote, map(str, variadic(value)))), str_fmt
             elif fmt[-1] == 'B':  # bytes
-                value = f'%{str_fmt}'.encode('utf-8') % str(value).encode('utf-8')
+                value = f'%{str_fmt}'.encode() % str(value).encode('utf-8')
                 value, fmt = value.decode('utf-8', 'ignore'), 's'
             elif fmt[-1] == 'U':  # unicode normalized
                 value, fmt = unicodedata.normalize(
@@ -1367,7 +1343,7 @@ def check_filter():
             if date is not None:
                 dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
                 if date not in dateRange:
-                    return '%s upload date is not in range %s' % (date_from_str(date).isoformat(), dateRange)
+                    return f'{date_from_str(date).isoformat()} upload date is not in range {dateRange}'
             view_count = info_dict.get('view_count')
             if view_count is not None:
                 min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
@@ -1816,6 +1792,7 @@ def get_entry(i):
             entries.append(entry)
             try:
                 if entry is not None:
+                    # TODO: Add auto-generated fields
                     self._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True, silent=True)
             except (ExistingVideoReached, RejectedVideoReached):
                 broken = True
@@ -1859,14 +1836,14 @@ def get_entry(i):
 
         x_forwarded_for = ie_result.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
 
-        self.to_screen('[%s] playlist %s: %s' % (ie_result.get('extractor'), playlist, msg % n_entries))
+        self.to_screen(f'[{ie_result.get("extractor")}] playlist {playlist}: {msg % n_entries}')
         failures = 0
         max_failures = self.params.get('skip_playlist_after_errors') or float('inf')
         for i, entry_tuple in enumerate(entries, 1):
             playlist_index, entry = entry_tuple
             if 'playlist-index' in self.params.get('compat_opts', []):
                 playlist_index = playlistitems[i - 1] if playlistitems else i + playliststart - 1
-            self.to_screen('[download] Downloading video %s of %s' % (i, n_entries))
+            self.to_screen(f'[download] Downloading video {i} of {n_entries}')
             # This __x_forwarded_for_ip thing is a bit ugly but requires
             # minimal changes
             if x_forwarded_for:
@@ -2034,7 +2011,7 @@ def build_format_selector(self, format_spec):
         def syntax_error(note, start):
             message = (
                 'Invalid format specification: '
-                '{0}\n\t{1}\n\t{2}^'.format(note, format_spec, ' ' * start[1]))
+                '{}\n\t{}\n\t{}^'.format(note, format_spec, ' ' * start[1]))
             return SyntaxError(message)
 
         PICKFIRST = 'PICKFIRST'
@@ -2139,7 +2116,7 @@ def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, ins
                             raise syntax_error('Expected a selector', start)
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(MERGE, (selector_1, selector_2), [])
                     else:
-                        raise syntax_error('Operator not recognized: "{0}"'.format(string), start)
+                        raise syntax_error(f'Operator not recognized: "{string}"', start)
                 elif type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
                     break
             if current_selector:
@@ -2354,11 +2331,11 @@ def _visit_selectors(selector):
 
         stream = io.BytesIO(format_spec.encode('utf-8'))
         try:
-            tokens = list(_remove_unused_ops(compat_tokenize_tokenize(stream.readline)))
+            tokens = list(_remove_unused_ops(tokenize.tokenize(stream.readline)))
         except tokenize.TokenError:
             raise syntax_error('Missing closing/opening brackets or parenthesis', (0, len(format_spec)))
 
-        class TokenIterator(object):
+        class TokenIterator:
             def __init__(self, tokens):
                 self.tokens = tokens
                 self.counter = 0
@@ -2521,7 +2498,7 @@ def sanitize_string_field(info, string_field):
         def sanitize_numeric_fields(info):
             for numeric_field in self._NUMERIC_FIELDS:
                 field = info.get(numeric_field)
-                if field is None or isinstance(field, compat_numeric_types):
+                if field is None or isinstance(field, (int, float)):
                     continue
                 report_force_conversion(numeric_field, 'numeric', 'int')
                 info[numeric_field] = int_or_none(field)
@@ -2764,7 +2741,7 @@ def is_wellformed(f):
                 if max_downloads_reached:
                     break
 
-            write_archive = set(f.get('__write_download_archive', False) for f in formats_to_download)
+            write_archive = {f.get('__write_download_archive', False) for f in formats_to_download}
             assert write_archive.issubset({True, False, 'ignore'})
             if True in write_archive and False not in write_archive:
                 self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
@@ -2832,7 +2809,7 @@ def process_subtitles(self, video_id, normal_subtitles, automatic_captions):
         for lang in requested_langs:
             formats = available_subs.get(lang)
             if formats is None:
-                self.report_warning('%s subtitles not available for %s' % (lang, video_id))
+                self.report_warning(f'{lang} subtitles not available for {video_id}')
                 continue
             for ext in formats_preference:
                 if ext == 'best':
@@ -2875,7 +2852,7 @@ def format_tmpl(tmpl):
             tmpl = format_tmpl(tmpl)
             self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing {tmpl!r} to: {filename}')
             if self._ensure_dir_exists(filename):
-                with io.open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                with open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                     f.write(self.evaluate_outtmpl(tmpl, info_copy) + '\n')
 
     def __forced_printings(self, info_dict, filename, incomplete):
@@ -3106,7 +3083,7 @@ def process_info(self, info_dict):
                         annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
                 except (KeyError, TypeError):
                     self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
-                except (OSError, IOError):
+                except OSError:
                     self.report_error('Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
                     return
 
@@ -3131,7 +3108,7 @@ def _write_link_file(link_type):
                     if link_type == 'desktop':
                         template_vars['filename'] = linkfn[:-(len(link_type) + 1)]
                     linkfile.write(LINK_TEMPLATES[link_type] % template_vars)
-            except (OSError, IOError):
+            except OSError:
                 self.report_error(f'Cannot write internet shortcut {linkfn}')
                 return False
             return True
@@ -3209,7 +3186,7 @@ def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
                             os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
                             if filename_real_ext in (old_ext, new_ext)
                             else filename)
-                        return '%s.%s' % (filename_wo_ext, ext)
+                        return f'{filename_wo_ext}.{ext}'
 
                     # Ensure filename always has a correct extension for successful merge
                     full_filename = correct_ext(full_filename)
@@ -3294,10 +3271,10 @@ def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
             except network_exceptions as err:
                 self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
                 return
-            except (OSError, IOError) as err:
+            except OSError as err:
                 raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
             except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
-                self.report_error('content too short (expected %s bytes and served %s)' % (err.expected, err.downloaded))
+                self.report_error(f'content too short (expected {err.expected} bytes and served {err.downloaded})')
                 return
 
             if success and full_filename != '-':
@@ -3548,14 +3525,14 @@ def _make_archive_id(self, info_dict):
                     break
             else:
                 return
-        return '%s %s' % (extractor.lower(), video_id)
+        return f'{extractor.lower()} {video_id}'
 
     def test_filename_external(self, filename):
         cmd = self.params.get('test_filename')
-        if not cmd or not isinstance(cmd, (compat_str, compiled_regex_type)):
+        if not cmd or not isinstance(cmd, (str, compat_Pattern)):
             return True
 
-        if isinstance(cmd, compiled_regex_type) or cmd.startswith('re:'):
+        if isinstance(cmd, compat_Pattern) or cmd.startswith('re:'):
             # allow Patten object or string begins with 're:' to test against regex
             if isinstance(cmd, compat_str):
                 cmd = cmd[3:]
@@ -3852,7 +3829,7 @@ def list_subtitles(self, video_id, subtitles, name='subtitles'):
     @__fd()
     def urlopen(self, req):
         """ Start an HTTP download """
-        if isinstance(req, compat_basestring):
+        if isinstance(req, str):
             req = sanitized_Request(req)
         return self._opener.open(req, timeout=self._socket_timeout)
 
@@ -3942,9 +3919,9 @@ def python_implementation():
         ) or 'none'
         write_debug('exe versions: %s' % exe_str)
 
-        from .websocket import HAVE_WEBSOCKET
+        from .cookies import SECRETSTORAGE_AVAILABLE, SQLITE_AVAILABLE
         from .postprocessor.embedthumbnail import has_mutagen
-        from .cookies import SQLITE_AVAILABLE, SECRETSTORAGE_AVAILABLE
+        from .websocket import HAVE_WEBSOCKET
 
         lib_str = join_nonempty(
             compat_brotli and compat_brotli.__name__,
@@ -4005,7 +3982,7 @@ def _setup_opener(self):
         https_handler = make_HTTPS_handler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
         ydlh = YoutubeDLHandler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
         redirect_handler = YoutubeDLRedirectHandler()
-        data_handler = compat_urllib_request_DataHandler()
+        data_handler = urllib.request.DataHandler()
 
         # When passing our own FileHandler instance, build_opener won't add the
         # default FileHandler and allows us to disable the file protocol, which
@@ -4061,7 +4038,7 @@ def _write_info_json(self, label, ie_result, infofn, overwrite=None):
         try:
             write_json_file(self.sanitize_info(ie_result, self.params.get('clean_infojson', True)), infofn)
             return True
-        except (OSError, IOError):
+        except OSError:
             self.report_error(f'Cannot write {label} metadata to JSON file {infofn}')
             return None
 
@@ -4082,9 +4059,9 @@ def _write_description(self, label, ie_result, descfn):
         else:
             try:
                 self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing {label} description to: {descfn}')
-                with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
+                with open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
                     descfile.write(ie_result['description'])
-            except (OSError, IOError):
+            except OSError:
                 self.report_error(f'Cannot write {label} description file {descfn}')
                 return None
         return True
@@ -4118,12 +4095,12 @@ def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
                 try:
                     # Use newline='' to prevent conversion of newline characters
                     # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10268
-                    with io.open(sub_filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
+                    with open(sub_filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
                         subfile.write(sub_info['data'])
                     sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                     ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
                     continue
-                except (OSError, IOError):
+                except OSError:
                     self.report_error(f'Cannot write video subtitles file {sub_filename}')
                     return None
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
index b731b69810cf694feefd2b882082ea1523447b3d..89a11b2d9932f2766da872783c2990fc4ebc4dfb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
@@ -1,61 +1,52 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
 f'You are using an unsupported version of Python. Only Python versions 3.6 and above are supported by yt-dlp'  # noqa: F541
 
 __license__ = 'Public Domain'
 
-import codecs
-import io
 import itertools
 import os
 import random
 import re
 import sys
 
+from .compat import compat_getpass, compat_os_name, compat_shlex_quote
+from .cookies import SUPPORTED_BROWSERS, SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS
+from .downloader import FileDownloader
+from .extractor import gen_extractors, list_extractors
+from .extractor.adobepass import MSO_INFO
+from .extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 from .options import parseOpts
-from .compat import (
-    compat_getpass,
-    compat_os_name,
-    compat_shlex_quote,
-    workaround_optparse_bug9161,
+from .postprocessor import (
+    FFmpegExtractAudioPP,
+    FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP,
+    FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
+    FFmpegVideoConvertorPP,
+    FFmpegVideoRemuxerPP,
+    MetadataFromFieldPP,
+    MetadataParserPP,
 )
-from .cookies import SUPPORTED_BROWSERS, SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS
+from .update import run_update
 from .utils import (
+    NO_DEFAULT,
     DateRange,
-    decodeOption,
     DownloadCancelled,
     DownloadError,
+    GeoUtils,
+    SameFileError,
+    decodeOption,
     expand_path,
     float_or_none,
-    GeoUtils,
     int_or_none,
     match_filter_func,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     parse_duration,
     preferredencoding,
     read_batch_urls,
     render_table,
-    SameFileError,
     setproctitle,
     std_headers,
     traverse_obj,
     write_string,
 )
-from .update import run_update
-from .downloader import FileDownloader
-from .extractor import gen_extractors, list_extractors
-from .extractor.common import InfoExtractor
-from .extractor.adobepass import MSO_INFO
-from .postprocessor import (
-    FFmpegExtractAudioPP,
-    FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP,
-    FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
-    FFmpegVideoConvertorPP,
-    FFmpegVideoRemuxerPP,
-    MetadataFromFieldPP,
-    MetadataParserPP,
-)
 from .longname import DEFAULT_DELIMITER
 from .YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL
 
@@ -70,13 +61,12 @@ def get_urls(urls, batchfile, verbose):
                     'Ctrl+Z' if compat_os_name == 'nt' else 'Ctrl+D'))
                 batchfd = sys.stdin
             else:
-                batchfd = io.open(
-                    expand_path(batchfile),
-                    'r', encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore')
+                batchfd = open(
+                    expand_path(batchfile), encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore')
             batch_urls = read_batch_urls(batchfd)
             if verbose:
                 write_string('[debug] Batch file urls: ' + repr(batch_urls) + '\n')
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             sys.exit('ERROR: batch file %s could not be read' % batchfile)
     _enc = preferredencoding()
     return [
@@ -829,13 +819,6 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
 
 
 def _real_main(argv=None):
-    # Compatibility fixes for Windows
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
-        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/820
-        codecs.register(lambda name: codecs.lookup('utf-8') if name == 'cp65001' else None)
-
-    workaround_optparse_bug9161()
-
     setproctitle('yt-dlp')
 
     parser, opts, all_urls, ydl_opts = parse_options(argv)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__main__.py b/yt_dlp/__main__.py
index 14f46e90733344259d2f57a88feeaa4eae2893e7..5d69e9987ed45b232fa4c9122deb2a9cb0459b19 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__main__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__main__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # Execute with
-# $ python yt_dlp/__main__.py (2.6+)
-# $ python -m yt_dlp          (2.7+)
+# $ python -m yt_dlp
 
 import sys
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/aes.py b/yt_dlp/aes.py
index b37f0dd39289620862343d79a5792f7e9823e5d5..01818df61cd2042c7c4eabf0f20d50d102f619d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/aes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/aes.py
@@ -1,17 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from math import ceil
 
-from .compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_pycrypto_AES,
-)
-from .utils import (
-    bytes_to_intlist,
-    intlist_to_bytes,
-)
-
+from .compat import compat_b64decode, compat_ord, compat_pycrypto_AES
+from .utils import bytes_to_intlist, intlist_to_bytes
 
 if compat_pycrypto_AES:
     def aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes(data, key, iv):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cache.py b/yt_dlp/cache.py
index e5cb193bce62309be18869d0e39252a0a405981b..0cac3ee888edb8a3a61463eac870372f8922c421 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cache.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cache.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import errno
-import io
 import json
 import os
 import re
@@ -9,13 +6,10 @@
 import traceback
 
 from .compat import compat_getenv
-from .utils import (
-    expand_path,
-    write_json_file,
-)
+from .utils import expand_path, write_json_file
 
 
-class Cache(object):
+class Cache:
     def __init__(self, ydl):
         self._ydl = ydl
 
@@ -31,7 +25,7 @@ def _get_cache_fn(self, section, key, dtype):
             'invalid section %r' % section
         assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+$', key), 'invalid key %r' % key
         return os.path.join(
-            self._get_root_dir(), section, '%s.%s' % (key, dtype))
+            self._get_root_dir(), section, f'{key}.{dtype}')
 
     @property
     def enabled(self):
@@ -54,8 +48,7 @@ def store(self, section, key, data, dtype='json'):
             write_json_file(data, fn)
         except Exception:
             tb = traceback.format_exc()
-            self._ydl.report_warning(
-                'Writing cache to %r failed: %s' % (fn, tb))
+            self._ydl.report_warning(f'Writing cache to {fn!r} failed: {tb}')
 
     def load(self, section, key, dtype='json', default=None):
         assert dtype in ('json',)
@@ -66,17 +59,16 @@ def load(self, section, key, dtype='json', default=None):
         cache_fn = self._get_cache_fn(section, key, dtype)
         try:
             try:
-                with io.open(cache_fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as cachef:
+                with open(cache_fn, encoding='utf-8') as cachef:
                     self._ydl.write_debug(f'Loading {section}.{key} from cache')
                     return json.load(cachef)
             except ValueError:
                 try:
                     file_size = os.path.getsize(cache_fn)
-                except (OSError, IOError) as oe:
+                except OSError as oe:
                     file_size = str(oe)
-                self._ydl.report_warning(
-                    'Cache retrieval from %s failed (%s)' % (cache_fn, file_size))
-        except IOError:
+                self._ydl.report_warning(f'Cache retrieval from {cache_fn} failed ({file_size})')
+        except OSError:
             pass  # No cache available
 
         return default
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat.py b/yt_dlp/compat.py
index e8b8fcc9210147249f276fce896f390c67d96ec9..2c4099c5d473263a418ede0e4e19aeb2ea368b21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 import asyncio
 import base64
 import collections
@@ -13,7 +11,6 @@
 import http.cookies
 import http.server
 import itertools
-import optparse
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
@@ -82,32 +79,6 @@ def compat_realpath(path):
     compat_realpath = os.path.realpath
 
 
-def compat_print(s):
-    assert isinstance(s, compat_str)
-    print(s)
-
-
-# Fix https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4223
-# See http://bugs.python.org/issue9161 for what is broken
-def workaround_optparse_bug9161():
-    op = optparse.OptionParser()
-    og = optparse.OptionGroup(op, 'foo')
-    try:
-        og.add_option('-t')
-    except TypeError:
-        real_add_option = optparse.OptionGroup.add_option
-
-        def _compat_add_option(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            enc = lambda v: (
-                v.encode('ascii', 'replace') if isinstance(v, compat_str)
-                else v)
-            bargs = [enc(a) for a in args]
-            bkwargs = dict(
-                (k, enc(v)) for k, v in kwargs.items())
-            return real_add_option(self, *bargs, **bkwargs)
-        optparse.OptionGroup.add_option = _compat_add_option
-
-
 try:
     compat_Pattern = re.Pattern
 except AttributeError:
@@ -186,60 +157,64 @@ def windows_enable_vt_mode():  # TODO: Do this the proper way https://bugs.pytho
 
 #  Deprecated
 
-compat_basestring = str
-compat_chr = chr
-compat_filter = filter
-compat_input = input
-compat_integer_types = (int, )
-compat_kwargs = lambda kwargs: kwargs
-compat_map = map
-compat_numeric_types = (int, float, complex)
-compat_str = str
-compat_xpath = lambda xpath: xpath
-compat_zip = zip
-
-compat_collections_abc = collections.abc
-compat_HTMLParser = html.parser.HTMLParser
-compat_HTTPError = urllib.error.HTTPError
-compat_Struct = struct.Struct
 compat_b64decode = base64.b64decode
+compat_chr = chr
 compat_cookiejar = http.cookiejar
-compat_cookiejar_Cookie = compat_cookiejar.Cookie
-compat_cookies = http.cookies
-compat_cookies_SimpleCookie = compat_cookies.SimpleCookie
-compat_etree_Element = etree.Element
-compat_etree_register_namespace = etree.register_namespace
+compat_cookiejar_Cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie
+compat_cookies_SimpleCookie = http.cookies.SimpleCookie
 compat_get_terminal_size = shutil.get_terminal_size
 compat_getenv = os.getenv
 compat_getpass = getpass.getpass
 compat_html_entities = html.entities
-compat_html_entities_html5 = compat_html_entities.html5
+compat_html_entities_html5 = html.entities.html5
+compat_HTMLParser = html.parser.HTMLParser
 compat_http_client = http.client
 compat_http_server = http.server
+compat_HTTPError = urllib.error.HTTPError
 compat_itertools_count = itertools.count
 compat_parse_qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs
-compat_shlex_split = shlex.split
-compat_socket_create_connection = socket.create_connection
+compat_str = str
 compat_struct_pack = struct.pack
 compat_struct_unpack = struct.unpack
-compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: DEVNULL
 compat_tokenize_tokenize = tokenize.tokenize
 compat_urllib_error = urllib.error
-compat_urllib_parse = urllib.parse
-compat_urllib_parse_quote = urllib.parse.quote
-compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus = urllib.parse.quote_plus
 compat_urllib_parse_unquote = urllib.parse.unquote
 compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus = urllib.parse.unquote_plus
-compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes = urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes
 compat_urllib_parse_urlencode = urllib.parse.urlencode
 compat_urllib_parse_urlparse = urllib.parse.urlparse
-compat_urllib_parse_urlunparse = urllib.parse.urlunparse
 compat_urllib_request = urllib.request
+compat_urlparse = compat_urllib_parse = urllib.parse
+
+
+# To be removed - Do not use
+
+compat_basestring = str
+compat_collections_abc = collections.abc
+compat_cookies = http.cookies
+compat_etree_Element = etree.Element
+compat_etree_register_namespace = etree.register_namespace
+compat_filter = filter
+compat_input = input
+compat_integer_types = (int, )
+compat_kwargs = lambda kwargs: kwargs
+compat_map = map
+compat_numeric_types = (int, float, complex)
+compat_print = print
+compat_shlex_split = shlex.split
+compat_socket_create_connection = socket.create_connection
+compat_Struct = struct.Struct
+compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: DEVNULL
+compat_urllib_parse_quote = urllib.parse.quote
+compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus = urllib.parse.quote_plus
+compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes = urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes
+compat_urllib_parse_urlunparse = urllib.parse.urlunparse
 compat_urllib_request_DataHandler = urllib.request.DataHandler
 compat_urllib_response = urllib.response
-compat_urlparse = urllib.parse
 compat_urlretrieve = urllib.request.urlretrieve
 compat_xml_parse_error = etree.ParseError
+compat_xpath = lambda xpath: xpath
+compat_zip = zip
+workaround_optparse_bug9161 = lambda: None
 
 
 # Set public objects
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
index 3476595d3d9e253c77465e158220af7c16bba2eb..6ff9f6f2d29dd5e8108becfa56c5f6cda70c7994 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -16,17 +16,9 @@
     aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify_bytes,
     unpad_pkcs7,
 )
-from .compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_cookiejar_Cookie,
-)
+from .compat import compat_b64decode, compat_cookiejar_Cookie
 from .minicurses import MultilinePrinter, QuietMultilinePrinter
-from .utils import (
-    error_to_str,
-    expand_path,
-    Popen,
-    YoutubeDLCookieJar,
-)
+from .utils import Popen, YoutubeDLCookieJar, error_to_str, expand_path
 
 try:
     import sqlite3
@@ -125,7 +117,7 @@ def extract_cookies_from_browser(browser_name, profile=None, logger=YDLLogger(),
     elif browser_name in CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS:
         return _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger)
     else:
-        raise ValueError('unknown browser: {}'.format(browser_name))
+        raise ValueError(f'unknown browser: {browser_name}')
 
 
 def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, logger):
@@ -144,8 +136,8 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, logger):
 
     cookie_database_path = _find_most_recently_used_file(search_root, 'cookies.sqlite', logger)
     if cookie_database_path is None:
-        raise FileNotFoundError('could not find firefox cookies database in {}'.format(search_root))
-    logger.debug('Extracting cookies from: "{}"'.format(cookie_database_path))
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'could not find firefox cookies database in {search_root}')
+    logger.debug(f'Extracting cookies from: "{cookie_database_path}"')
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='yt_dlp') as tmpdir:
         cursor = None
@@ -164,7 +156,7 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, logger):
                         path=path, path_specified=bool(path), secure=is_secure, expires=expiry, discard=False,
                         comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={})
                     jar.set_cookie(cookie)
-            logger.info('Extracted {} cookies from firefox'.format(len(jar)))
+            logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from firefox')
             return jar
         finally:
             if cursor is not None:
@@ -179,7 +171,7 @@ def _firefox_browser_dir():
     elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
         return os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Application Support/Firefox')
     else:
-        raise ValueError('unsupported platform: {}'.format(sys.platform))
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported platform: {sys.platform}')
 
 
 def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
@@ -219,7 +211,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
         }[browser_name]
 
     else:
-        raise ValueError('unsupported platform: {}'.format(sys.platform))
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported platform: {sys.platform}')
 
     # Linux keyring names can be determined by snooping on dbus while opening the browser in KDE:
     # dbus-monitor "interface='org.kde.KWallet'" "type=method_return"
@@ -242,7 +234,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
 
 
 def _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger):
-    logger.info('Extracting cookies from {}'.format(browser_name))
+    logger.info(f'Extracting cookies from {browser_name}')
 
     if not SQLITE_AVAILABLE:
         logger.warning(('Cannot extract cookies from {} without sqlite3 support. '
@@ -260,13 +252,13 @@ def _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger):
         if config['supports_profiles']:
             search_root = os.path.join(config['browser_dir'], profile)
         else:
-            logger.error('{} does not support profiles'.format(browser_name))
+            logger.error(f'{browser_name} does not support profiles')
             search_root = config['browser_dir']
 
     cookie_database_path = _find_most_recently_used_file(search_root, 'Cookies', logger)
     if cookie_database_path is None:
-        raise FileNotFoundError('could not find {} cookies database in "{}"'.format(browser_name, search_root))
-    logger.debug('Extracting cookies from: "{}"'.format(cookie_database_path))
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'could not find {browser_name} cookies database in "{search_root}"')
+    logger.debug(f'Extracting cookies from: "{cookie_database_path}"')
 
     decryptor = get_cookie_decryptor(config['browser_dir'], config['keyring_name'], logger, keyring=keyring)
 
@@ -295,13 +287,13 @@ def _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger):
                         unencrypted_cookies += 1
                     jar.set_cookie(cookie)
             if failed_cookies > 0:
-                failed_message = ' ({} could not be decrypted)'.format(failed_cookies)
+                failed_message = f' ({failed_cookies} could not be decrypted)'
             else:
                 failed_message = ''
-            logger.info('Extracted {} cookies from {}{}'.format(len(jar), browser_name, failed_message))
+            logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from {browser_name}{failed_message}')
             counts = decryptor.cookie_counts.copy()
             counts['unencrypted'] = unencrypted_cookies
-            logger.debug('cookie version breakdown: {}'.format(counts))
+            logger.debug(f'cookie version breakdown: {counts}')
             return jar
         finally:
             if cursor is not None:
@@ -492,7 +484,7 @@ def _extract_safari_cookies(profile, logger):
     if profile is not None:
         logger.error('safari does not support profiles')
     if sys.platform != 'darwin':
-        raise ValueError('unsupported platform: {}'.format(sys.platform))
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported platform: {sys.platform}')
 
     cookies_path = os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies')
 
@@ -506,7 +498,7 @@ def _extract_safari_cookies(profile, logger):
         cookies_data = f.read()
 
     jar = parse_safari_cookies(cookies_data, logger=logger)
-    logger.info('Extracted {} cookies from safari'.format(len(jar)))
+    logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from safari')
     return jar
 
 
@@ -522,7 +514,7 @@ def __init__(self, data, logger):
 
     def read_bytes(self, num_bytes):
         if num_bytes < 0:
-            raise ParserError('invalid read of {} bytes'.format(num_bytes))
+            raise ParserError(f'invalid read of {num_bytes} bytes')
         end = self.cursor + num_bytes
         if end > len(self._data):
             raise ParserError('reached end of input')
@@ -533,7 +525,7 @@ def read_bytes(self, num_bytes):
     def expect_bytes(self, expected_value, message):
         value = self.read_bytes(len(expected_value))
         if value != expected_value:
-            raise ParserError('unexpected value: {} != {} ({})'.format(value, expected_value, message))
+            raise ParserError(f'unexpected value: {value} != {expected_value} ({message})')
 
     def read_uint(self, big_endian=False):
         data_format = '>I' if big_endian else '<I'
@@ -557,7 +549,7 @@ def skip(self, num_bytes, description='unknown'):
             self._logger.debug('skipping {} bytes ({}): {}'.format(
                 num_bytes, description, self.read_bytes(num_bytes)))
         elif num_bytes < 0:
-            raise ParserError('invalid skip of {} bytes'.format(num_bytes))
+            raise ParserError(f'invalid skip of {num_bytes} bytes')
 
     def skip_to(self, offset, description='unknown'):
         self.skip(offset - self.cursor, description)
@@ -584,7 +576,7 @@ def _parse_safari_cookies_page(data, jar, logger):
     number_of_cookies = p.read_uint()
     record_offsets = [p.read_uint() for _ in range(number_of_cookies)]
     if number_of_cookies == 0:
-        logger.debug('a cookies page of size {} has no cookies'.format(len(data)))
+        logger.debug(f'a cookies page of size {len(data)} has no cookies')
         return
 
     p.skip_to(record_offsets[0], 'unknown page header field')
@@ -730,7 +722,7 @@ def _choose_linux_keyring(logger):
     SelectBackend
     """
     desktop_environment = _get_linux_desktop_environment(os.environ)
-    logger.debug('detected desktop environment: {}'.format(desktop_environment.name))
+    logger.debug(f'detected desktop environment: {desktop_environment.name}')
     if desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE:
         linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET
     elif desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER:
@@ -764,10 +756,10 @@ def _get_kwallet_network_wallet(logger):
             return default_wallet
         else:
             network_wallet = stdout.decode('utf-8').strip()
-            logger.debug('NetworkWallet = "{}"'.format(network_wallet))
+            logger.debug(f'NetworkWallet = "{network_wallet}"')
             return network_wallet
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.warning('exception while obtaining NetworkWallet: {}'.format(e))
+        logger.warning(f'exception while obtaining NetworkWallet: {e}')
         return default_wallet
 
 
@@ -785,8 +777,8 @@ def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
     try:
         proc = Popen([
             'kwallet-query',
-            '--read-password', '{} Safe Storage'.format(browser_keyring_name),
-            '--folder', '{} Keys'.format(browser_keyring_name),
+            '--read-password', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage',
+            '--folder', f'{browser_keyring_name} Keys',
             network_wallet
         ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
@@ -818,7 +810,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
 
 def _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
     if not SECRETSTORAGE_AVAILABLE:
-        logger.error('secretstorage not available {}'.format(SECRETSTORAGE_UNAVAILABLE_REASON))
+        logger.error(f'secretstorage not available {SECRETSTORAGE_UNAVAILABLE_REASON}')
         return b''
     # the Gnome keyring does not seem to organise keys in the same way as KWallet,
     # using `dbus-monitor` during startup, it can be observed that chromium lists all keys
@@ -827,7 +819,7 @@ def _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
     with contextlib.closing(secretstorage.dbus_init()) as con:
         col = secretstorage.get_default_collection(con)
         for item in col.get_all_items():
-            if item.get_label() == '{} Safe Storage'.format(browser_keyring_name):
+            if item.get_label() == f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage':
                 return item.get_secret()
         else:
             logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
@@ -861,7 +853,7 @@ def _get_mac_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
             ['security', 'find-generic-password',
              '-w',  # write password to stdout
              '-a', browser_keyring_name,  # match 'account'
-             '-s', '{} Safe Storage'.format(browser_keyring_name)],  # match 'service'
+             '-s', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage'],  # match 'service'
             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
         stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill()
@@ -879,7 +871,7 @@ def _get_windows_v10_key(browser_root, logger):
         logger.error('could not find local state file')
         return None
     logger.debug(f'Found local state file at "{path}"')
-    with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf8') as f:
+    with open(path, encoding='utf8') as f:
         data = json.load(f)
     try:
         base64_key = data['os_crypt']['encrypted_key']
@@ -966,7 +958,7 @@ def _open_database_copy(database_path, tmpdir):
 
 
 def _get_column_names(cursor, table_name):
-    table_info = cursor.execute('PRAGMA table_info({})'.format(table_name)).fetchall()
+    table_info = cursor.execute(f'PRAGMA table_info({table_name})').fetchall()
     return [row[1].decode('utf-8') for row in table_info]
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
index 5f2bcad206105d6d249bc934b03c74559c996979..64cc4a7282a739857882ca55e6413d744f3558dd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..utils import (
-    determine_protocol,
-    NO_DEFAULT
-)
+from ..utils import NO_DEFAULT, determine_protocol
 
 
 def get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params={}, default=NO_DEFAULT, protocol=None, to_stdout=False):
@@ -29,22 +24,19 @@ def get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params={}, default=NO_DEFAULT, protocol=N
 # Some of these require get_suitable_downloader
 from .common import FileDownloader
 from .dash import DashSegmentsFD
+from .external import FFmpegFD, get_external_downloader
 from .f4m import F4mFD
 from .hls import HlsFD
 from .http import HttpFD
-from .rtmp import RtmpFD
-from .rtsp import RtspFD
 from .ism import IsmFD
 from .mhtml import MhtmlFD
 from .niconico import NiconicoLiveFD
+from .rtmp import RtmpFD
+from .rtsp import RtspFD
 from .websocket import WebSocketFragmentFD
 from .youtube_live_chat import YoutubeLiveChatFD
 from .serial import SerialFD
 from .images import ImageSeriesFD
-from .external import (
-    get_external_downloader,
-    FFmpegFD,
-)
 
 PROTOCOL_MAP = {
     'rtmp': RtmpFD,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
index 005e3d546242fa98df52b36a09d0835b8d11148a..9c4eed7055b0f0dfbe95b1c4240550734fd8932e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-from __future__ import division, unicode_literals
-
-import time
-import random
-import errno
 import contextlib
-
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from ..YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL
+import errno
+import random
+import time
 
 from ..utils import (
+    LockingUnsupportedError,
     decodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
     error_to_compat_str,
-    LockingUnsupportedError,
     get_argcount,
     match_filter_func,
     merge_dicts,
     shell_quote,
     timeconvert,
 )
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL
 from ..postprocessor._attachments import ShowsProgress
 from .augment import AUGMENT_MAP
 
 
-class FileDownloader(ShowsProgress):
+class FileDownloader:
     """File Downloader class.
 
     File downloader objects are the ones responsible of downloading the
@@ -134,7 +132,7 @@ def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 while True:
                     try:
                         return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
-                    except (IOError, OSError) as err:
+                    except OSError as err:
                         retry = retry + 1
                         if retry > file_access_retries or err.errno not in (errno.EACCES, errno.EINVAL):
                             if not fatal:
@@ -294,7 +292,7 @@ def _debug_cmd(self, args, exe=None):
         if exe is None:
             exe = self.ydl.basename(str_args[0])
 
-        self.write_debug('%s command line: %s' % (exe, shell_quote(str_args)))
+        self.write_debug(f'{exe} command line: {shell_quote(str_args)}')
 
     def _enter_augmented(self, info_dict):
         augmentation = info_dict.get('augments') or []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
index a845ee7d3dc546e80bbb3f3357821beba8b2d82a..e6efae48520149a74f4368cc7afdcccf926fba43 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import time
 
-from ..downloader import get_suitable_downloader
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
-
+from ..downloader import get_suitable_downloader
 from ..utils import urljoin
 
 
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
 
             if real_downloader:
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '[%s] Fragment downloads will be delegated to %s' % (self.FD_NAME, real_downloader.get_basename()))
+                    f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Fragment downloads will be delegated to {real_downloader.get_basename()}')
                 info_dict['fragments'] = list(fragments_to_download)
                 fd = real_downloader(self.ydl, self.params)
                 return fd.real_download(filename, info_dict)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
index 4796814f9ed5d531dd523ab2c1275f66b1d7fd2b..89f37c99ce08c0f6d72d7c73e8c9a34e5a5d164e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import os.path
 import re
@@ -9,24 +7,21 @@
 import signal
 
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_setenv,
-    compat_str,
-)
-from ..postprocessor.ffmpeg import FFmpegPostProcessor, EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS
+from ..compat import compat_setenv, compat_str
+from ..postprocessor.ffmpeg import EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS, FFmpegPostProcessor
 from ..postprocessor._attachments import RunsFFmpeg
 from ..utils import (
+    Popen,
+    _configuration_args,
+    check_executable,
     classproperty,
+    cli_bool_option,
     cli_option,
     cli_valueless_option,
-    cli_bool_option,
-    _configuration_args,
     determine_ext,
-    encodeFilename,
     encodeArgument,
+    encodeFilename,
     handle_youtubedl_headers,
-    check_executable,
-    Popen,
     remove_end,
     variadic,
 )
@@ -61,7 +56,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
             }
             if filename != '-':
                 fsize = self.ydl.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-                self.to_screen('\r[%s] Downloaded %s bytes' % (self.get_basename(), fsize))
+                self.to_screen(f'\r[{self.get_basename()}] Downloaded {fsize} bytes')
                 self.try_rename(tmpfilename, filename)
                 status.update({
                     'downloaded_bytes': fsize,
@@ -162,7 +157,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
             fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (tmpfilename, frag_index)
             try:
                 src, _ = self.sanitize_open(fragment_filename, 'rb')
-            except IOError as err:
+            except OSError as err:
                 if skip_unavailable_fragments and frag_index > 1:
                     self.report_skip_fragment(frag_index, err)
                     continue
@@ -184,7 +179,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         cmd = [self.exe, '--location', '-o', tmpfilename, '--compressed']
         if info_dict.get('http_headers') is not None:
             for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
-                cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+                cmd += ['--header', f'{key}: {val}']
 
         cmd += self._bool_option('--continue-at', 'continuedl', '-', '0')
         cmd += self._valueless_option('--silent', 'noprogress')
@@ -221,7 +216,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         cmd = [self.exe, '-o', tmpfilename]
         if info_dict.get('http_headers') is not None:
             for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
-                cmd += ['-H', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+                cmd += ['-H', f'{key}: {val}']
         cmd += self._configuration_args()
         cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
         return cmd
@@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         cmd = [self.exe, '-O', tmpfilename, '-nv', '--no-cookies', '--compression=auto']
         if info_dict.get('http_headers') is not None:
             for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
-                cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+                cmd += ['--header', f'{key}: {val}']
         cmd += self._option('--limit-rate', 'ratelimit')
         retry = self._option('--tries', 'retries')
         if len(retry) == 2:
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
         if proxy:
             for var in ('http_proxy', 'https_proxy'):
-                cmd += ['--execute', '%s=%s' % (var, proxy)]
+                cmd += ['--execute', f'{var}={proxy}']
         cmd += self._valueless_option('--no-check-certificate', 'nocheckcertificate')
         cmd += self._configuration_args()
         cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
@@ -276,7 +271,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
 
         if info_dict.get('http_headers') is not None:
             for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
-                cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+                cmd += ['--header', f'{key}: {val}']
         cmd += self._option('--max-overall-download-limit', 'ratelimit')
         cmd += self._option('--interface', 'source_address')
         cmd += self._option('--all-proxy', 'proxy')
@@ -294,10 +289,10 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         dn = self.ydl.dirname(tmpfilename)
         if dn:
             if not self.ydl.isabs(dn):
-                dn = '.%s%s' % (os.path.sep, dn)
+                dn = f'.{os.path.sep}{dn}'
             cmd += ['--dir', dn + os.path.sep]
         if 'fragments' not in info_dict:
-            cmd += ['--out', '.%s%s' % (os.path.sep, self.ydl.basename(tmpfilename))]
+            cmd += ['--out', f'.{os.path.sep}{self.ydl.basename(tmpfilename)}']
         cmd += ['--auto-file-renaming=false']
 
         if 'fragments' in info_dict:
@@ -325,7 +320,7 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
 
         if info_dict.get('http_headers') is not None:
             for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
-                cmd += ['%s:%s' % (key, val)]
+                cmd += [f'{key}:{val}']
         return cmd
 
 
@@ -406,7 +401,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
             headers.pop(next((x for x in headers.keys() if x.lower() == 'accept-encoding'), None), None)
             args += [
                 '-headers',
-                ''.join('%s: %s\r\n' % (key, val) for key, val in headers.items())]
+                ''.join(f'{key}: {val}\r\n' for key, val in headers.items())]
 
         env = None
         proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
index 0008b7c286f171b8aacda173f04cd916014d7cc0..12ecec0082b11c7a981779c61cea30b5726ff4da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, unicode_literals
-
 import io
 import itertools
 import time
@@ -8,16 +6,13 @@
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_urlparse,
-    compat_urllib_error,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
     compat_struct_pack,
     compat_struct_unpack,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
+    compat_urlparse,
 )
-from ..utils import (
-    fix_xml_ampersands,
-    xpath_text,
-)
+from ..utils import fix_xml_ampersands, xpath_text
 
 
 class DataTruncatedError(Exception):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
index 396991a3f9abe0e1063de9d0acb35fbecebab19b..ddcde0b891879ef4a4c637de5d75677d0b79540c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, unicode_literals
-
 import http.client
 import json
 import math
@@ -14,16 +12,12 @@
 from .common import FileDownloader
 from .http import HttpFD
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes, unpad_pkcs7
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_os_name,
-    compat_urllib_error,
-    compat_struct_pack,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_os_name, compat_struct_pack, compat_urllib_error
 from ..utils import (
     DownloadError,
     UnrecoverableHttpError,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     encodeFilename,
+    error_to_compat_str,
     sanitized_Request,
     traverse_obj,
 )
@@ -172,8 +166,7 @@ def _prepare_frag_download(self, ctx):
                 total_frags_str += ' (not including %d ad)' % ad_frags
         else:
             total_frags_str = 'unknown (live)'
-        self.to_screen(
-            '[%s] Total fragments: %s' % (self.FD_NAME, total_frags_str))
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Total fragments: {total_frags_str}')
         self.report_destination(ctx['filename'])
         dl = HttpQuietDownloader(
             self.ydl,
@@ -343,8 +336,7 @@ def _prepare_external_frag_download(self, ctx):
                 total_frags_str += ' (not including %d ad)' % ad_frags
         else:
             total_frags_str = 'unknown (live)'
-        self.to_screen(
-            '[%s] Total fragments: %s' % (self.FD_NAME, total_frags_str))
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Total fragments: {total_frags_str}')
 
         tmpfilename = self.temp_name(ctx['filename'])
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
index e932fd6aeada3a60f9c771702ee51016e446ec4c..2d65f48ae6d5d6b5c8f6e4f6821d4cd23142c1a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
@@ -1,23 +1,13 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import re
-import io
 import binascii
+import io
+import re
 
-from ..downloader import get_suitable_downloader
-from .fragment import FragmentFD
 from .external import FFmpegFD
-
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_pycrypto_AES,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
-from ..utils import (
-    parse_m3u8_attributes,
-    update_url_query,
-    bug_reports_message,
-)
+from .fragment import FragmentFD
 from .. import webvtt
+from ..compat import compat_pycrypto_AES, compat_urlparse
+from ..downloader import get_suitable_downloader
+from ..utils import bug_reports_message, parse_m3u8_attributes, update_url_query
 
 
 class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
@@ -102,8 +92,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         if real_downloader and not real_downloader.supports_manifest(s):
             real_downloader = None
         if real_downloader:
-            self.to_screen(
-                '[%s] Fragment downloads will be delegated to %s' % (self.FD_NAME, real_downloader.get_basename()))
+            self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Fragment downloads will be delegated to {real_downloader.get_basename()}')
 
         def is_ad_fragment_start(s):
             return (s.startswith('#ANVATO-SEGMENT-INFO') and 'type=ad' in s
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
index daec5574e0fbd2ae800e4d3a1ff2c57642286324..2cb5c93e5dc44a0bcb700548654a72a2874667ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
@@ -1,26 +1,21 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
+import random
 import ssl
 import time
-import random
 
 from .common import FileDownloader
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_error,
-    compat_http_client
-)
+from ..compat import compat_http_client, compat_urllib_error
 from ..utils import (
     ContentTooShortError,
+    ThrottledDownload,
     UnrecoverableHttpError,
+    XAttrMetadataError,
+    XAttrUnavailableError,
     encodeFilename,
     int_or_none,
     parse_http_range,
     sanitized_Request,
-    ThrottledDownload,
     try_call,
     write_xattr,
-    XAttrMetadataError,
-    XAttrUnavailableError,
 )
 
 RESPONSE_READ_EXCEPTIONS = (TimeoutError, ConnectionError, ssl.SSLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException)
@@ -225,10 +220,12 @@ def download():
                 min_data_len = self.params.get('min_filesize')
                 max_data_len = self.params.get('max_filesize')
                 if min_data_len is not None and data_len < min_data_len:
-                    self.to_screen('\r[download] File is smaller than min-filesize (%s bytes < %s bytes). Aborting.' % (data_len, min_data_len))
+                    self.to_screen(
+                        f'\r[download] File is smaller than min-filesize ({data_len} bytes < {min_data_len} bytes). Aborting.')
                     return False
                 if max_data_len is not None and data_len > max_data_len:
-                    self.to_screen('\r[download] File is larger than max-filesize (%s bytes > %s bytes). Aborting.' % (data_len, max_data_len))
+                    self.to_screen(
+                        f'\r[download] File is larger than max-filesize ({data_len} bytes > {max_data_len} bytes). Aborting.')
                     return False
 
             byte_counter = 0 + ctx.resume_len
@@ -271,7 +268,7 @@ def retry(e):
                         if ctx.show_dest:
                             self.report_destination(ctx.filename)
                         ctx.show_dest = False
-                    except (OSError, IOError) as err:
+                    except OSError as err:
                         self.report_error('unable to open for writing: %s' % str(err))
                         return False
 
@@ -283,7 +280,7 @@ def retry(e):
 
                 try:
                     ctx.stream.write(data_block)
-                except (IOError, OSError) as err:
+                except OSError as err:
                     self.to_stderr('\n')
                     self.report_error('unable to write data: %s' % str(err))
                     return False
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
index 4d5618c836b9fe321a86a7e4cefb24fe495c64f3..82ed51e8892aab5982fa357ee5048921c415ecb7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
@@ -1,27 +1,22 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import time
 import binascii
 import io
+import struct
+import time
 
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_Struct,
-    compat_urllib_error,
-)
-
-
-u8 = compat_Struct('>B')
-u88 = compat_Struct('>Bx')
-u16 = compat_Struct('>H')
-u1616 = compat_Struct('>Hxx')
-u32 = compat_Struct('>I')
-u64 = compat_Struct('>Q')
-
-s88 = compat_Struct('>bx')
-s16 = compat_Struct('>h')
-s1616 = compat_Struct('>hxx')
-s32 = compat_Struct('>i')
+from ..compat import compat_urllib_error
+
+u8 = struct.Struct('>B')
+u88 = struct.Struct('>Bx')
+u16 = struct.Struct('>H')
+u1616 = struct.Struct('>Hxx')
+u32 = struct.Struct('>I')
+u64 = struct.Struct('>Q')
+
+s88 = struct.Struct('>bx')
+s16 = struct.Struct('>h')
+s1616 = struct.Struct('>hxx')
+s32 = struct.Struct('>i')
 
 unity_matrix = (s32.pack(0x10000) + s32.pack(0) * 3) * 2 + s32.pack(0x40000000)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
index 54e71179250ccabcf77274b3c87afd24395acbad..7bc3ab049bec628def3a9d9e9fc0c47b8a398dc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import io
 import quopri
 import re
 import uuid
 
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
-from ..utils import (
-    escapeHTML,
-    formatSeconds,
-    srt_subtitles_timecode,
-    urljoin,
-)
+from ..utils import escapeHTML, formatSeconds, srt_subtitles_timecode, urljoin
 from ..version import __version__ as YT_DLP_VERSION
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
index 6c5360d96896a5f90444f5ae130392936cafbaf0..39f07d1d58930e6fd5d23e851218e0aba6db87de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import division, unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import threading
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
index ef70270e8a26efb7b4f4a90f5e6d574f95455f53..df29526f0964722b5724be6111f0aae29f626be1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import subprocess
 import time
@@ -7,11 +5,11 @@
 from .common import FileDownloader
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    Popen,
     check_executable,
-    encodeFilename,
     encodeArgument,
+    encodeFilename,
     get_exe_version,
-    Popen,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtsp.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtsp.py
index 7862a852039e6b790ea4621f34c8574488c14513..a3588e16d22efe57ea76e1d71bfc0a9327e64c38 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtsp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtsp.py
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import subprocess
 
 from .common import FileDownloader
-from ..utils import (
-    check_executable,
-    encodeFilename,
-)
+from ..utils import check_executable, encodeFilename
 
 
 class RtspFD(FileDownloader):
@@ -31,7 +26,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         retval = subprocess.call(args)
         if retval == 0:
             fsize = self.ydl.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-            self.to_screen('\r[%s] %s bytes' % (args[0], fsize))
+            self.to_screen(f'\r[{args[0]}] {fsize} bytes')
             self.try_rename(tmpfilename, filename)
             self._hook_progress({
                 'downloaded_bytes': fsize,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/websocket.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/websocket.py
index daac348842c8462b911d4f777c97381bd595aab5..96d113846994538b1712e84dc32fe9016f7fddb3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/websocket.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/websocket.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+import asyncio
 import os
 import signal
-import asyncio
 import threading
 
 try:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
index cfca686ee446dc3ac697f8e5af168942d1210ace..7f06dfb487dedeb2d00887a806cdb3ecf7efb459 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import division, unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import time
 
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_error
-from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    dict_get,
-    int_or_none,
-    RegexNotFoundError,
-)
 from ..extractor.youtube import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor as YT_BaseIE
+from ..utils import RegexNotFoundError, dict_get, int_or_none, try_get
 
 
 class YoutubeLiveChatFD(FragmentFD):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
index 6fe195e82c14c96bd61c0603055819a642cd4945..03f10ab23d6c218a6ba256772bb076c1a8855742 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
index 296b8cec1dacb11cfc2645292ad2a92a9d3261b4..a57295b131104ee3803a874dc500b9acf05b306e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .amp import AMPIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
index 5bff46634052cbfd330e476a9e8dc9db8414a89d..44a9f8ca5e0db545accc65458170b3b099d8cdbb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
index 3432e7bdb207f1227ad00b8b8584c51bf0572046..c7d67601b7f99e4a8290725e386272d479d6e3fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
@@ -1,37 +1,34 @@
+import base64
+import binascii
 import codecs
-import io
-import json
-import time
 import hashlib
 import hmac
+import io
+import json
 import re
 import struct
-from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
-from binascii import unhexlify
+import time
+import urllib.response
+import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_ecb_decrypt
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_response,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_urllib_request,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse, compat_urllib_request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    bytes_to_intlist,
     decode_base,
     int_or_none,
-    random_uuidv4,
+    intlist_to_bytes,
     request_to_url,
     time_seconds,
     traverse_obj,
-    intlist_to_bytes,
-    bytes_to_intlist,
     urljoin,
 )
 
-
 # NOTE: network handler related code is temporary thing until network stack overhaul PRs are merged (#2861/#2862)
 
+
 def add_opener(ydl, handler):
     ''' Add a handler for opening URLs, like _download_webpage '''
     # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/urllib/request.py#L426
@@ -130,7 +127,7 @@ def _get_videokey_from_ticket(self, ticket):
         encvideokey = bytes_to_intlist(struct.pack('>QQ', res >> 64, res & 0xffffffffffffffff))
 
         h = hmac.new(
-            unhexlify(self.HKEY),
+            binascii.unhexlify(self.HKEY),
             (license_response['cid'] + self.ie._DEVICE_ID).encode('utf-8'),
             digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
         enckey = bytes_to_intlist(h.digest())
@@ -141,7 +138,7 @@ def abematv_license_open(self, url):
         url = request_to_url(url)
         ticket = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).netloc
         response_data = self._get_videokey_from_ticket(ticket)
-        return compat_urllib_response.addinfourl(io.BytesIO(response_data), headers={
+        return urllib.response.addinfourl(io.BytesIO(response_data), headers={
             'Content-Length': len(response_data),
         }, url=url, code=200)
 
@@ -285,7 +282,7 @@ def mix_tmp(count):
 
         def mix_twist(nonce):
             nonlocal tmp
-            mix_once(urlsafe_b64encode(tmp).rstrip(b'=') + nonce)
+            mix_once(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(tmp).rstrip(b'=') + nonce)
 
         mix_once(self._SECRETKEY)
         mix_tmp(time_struct.tm_mon)
@@ -294,13 +291,13 @@ def mix_twist(nonce):
         mix_twist(ts_1hour_str)
         mix_tmp(time_struct.tm_hour % 5)
 
-        return urlsafe_b64encode(tmp).rstrip(b'=').decode('utf-8')
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(tmp).rstrip(b'=').decode('utf-8')
 
     def _get_device_token(self):
         if self._USERTOKEN:
             return self._USERTOKEN
 
-        self._DEVICE_ID = random_uuidv4()
+        self._DEVICE_ID = str(uuid.uuid4())
         aks = self._generate_aks(self._DEVICE_ID)
         user_data = self._download_json(
             'https://api.abema.io/v1/users', None, note='Authorizing',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/academicearth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/academicearth.py
index 34095501cfa342e7ccb4afdb77e14b9514ca389c..d9691cb5c619ca6e1ccfb4b0e1cec648dc9b34b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/academicearth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/academicearth.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
index 63587c5cffcf99a2c8f9e07e47c69efec806e731..f2f828f8e733d56e441d0bd5484884170330af85 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
index fca6e605da1d7b53cca8d9e81b95a3f723419973..b47345e3c52d7c0c2a39d102d0415563e49eb016 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import binascii
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
index e2e6f93f312539050a3577d1cc366ccd1c3bd779..8963b128a5d2aa7d399b7f4c6464b334c3c21903 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_parse_qs,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
index 5d98301b8bdbc3fbe281eca97c543360c4009d60..1bdc8587cc7c8049ac3e5e2f54cd29b7e0d939e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 import time
@@ -8,7 +5,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
-    compat_kwargs,
     compat_urlparse,
     compat_getpass
 )
@@ -1365,7 +1361,7 @@ def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         headers.update(kwargs.get('headers', {}))
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
         return super(AdobePassIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
-            *args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+            *args, **kwargs)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_mvpd_resource(provider_id, title, guid, rating):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
index 3cfa1ff550a2fb16b00639c9b5f7331906ffaff3..941254243f2124305db3cc64c226ebfb9ea07456 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
index c97cfc16116d56551b51ca2410f8ed52bbd11920..1368954bc60e065630359696cf32a7b91d3495c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
index 8025de5a3289d8f9a4f051d39e283691f31098fb..86a10f2dcdaf145cd4cf9f75122d74950a5f7e8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
index 28946e9ddce5c73928ff7af2ec8fdd08c99356da..b0fd158f6164e1a6afdbfe2bb59904f4f30eb45f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_xpath
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     OnDemandPagedList,
@@ -282,7 +278,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to download video info')
 
-        video_element = video_xml.findall(compat_xpath('./track/video'))[-1]
+        video_element = video_xml.findall('./track/video')[-1]
         if video_element is None or video_element.text is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
                 'Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
@@ -312,7 +308,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if not video_url:
             entries = []
-            file_elements = video_element.findall(compat_xpath('./file'))
+            file_elements = video_element.findall('./file')
             one = len(file_elements) == 1
             for file_num, file_element in enumerate(file_elements, start=1):
                 file_url = url_or_none(file_element.text)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/airmozilla.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/airmozilla.py
index 9e38136b4b795487659145ea81826eccdf4f341d..669556b98fe2b4dd1f3bd041beb27a5ec48179df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/airmozilla.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/airmozilla.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
index 9722fe9ac3b66a0d9d4fccb2456ddf992af9b9ed..2e83f2eb6e55459272f648465a7423bd4042740a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
index 7bcdb7afba0db3c7b1499a48487cc8fb6b9b5bbe..124bab0d9278d931af96c96aa99b117fdc77d4f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
index 403a277e976a5619118b3163adaffee73ee65362..1f881e2a098a7e051d99aaffd7e2c4a0948869cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
index 3a6d99f6bfd050e7c204a08fe32fbf230a8ff694..8d5b472d3239a7c317a1fa5c9e79a62e8d662c69 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
index 4aae6fe7431564eddeec46fbaf29542559b6ad45..d16ab496e9518263af978b9e973c6108cc789c83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
index d2e2df27078cba1944fa048f34548bf227f9feaa..b76ccb2a1991503860b0c5ec2e2bd9f9ce2e1889 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
index 61d469574a7ad398767266a5a90ec681d22fa233..5018710e034628d0982537fd4ebece15d0474a01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
index 07b1b18611a43e20f2c269d25e61b96c6d8e2f93..de4917adcc72665179ce803fa0cdb4e5e70d6164 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
index e38e215d3f4e09dce44e6356d951cad0cefa33c5..e04ecf65f0d1feb90c7b6007f647511bd2422e5c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
index 6e6099a03d7c48df2d33b9669f617c5db149b974..f5747cf1e860134291696770b81f2f3610da8bbd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
index 24c684cad7d3277829b0bd52df692660d9ff2a3b..73b72b08590878a36a9fc21b0e0be208f8c1f4d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/animelab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/animelab.py
index 1c2cc47dddb6be2c5055de2dde433d58cdc9780a..cd0d77805d989d0a74e9825dcb1e17f08edbf90a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/animelab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/animelab.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/animeondemand.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/animeondemand.py
index 2e674d58fc82e06a856e8e9d2019090778440f62..de49db4ea793507f8e7a532c4dfc7032c116b63f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/animeondemand.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/animeondemand.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ant1newsgr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ant1newsgr.py
index 1075b461ed7d8bfaf08b8dc1b22c3864a8269fee..cd0f3685691708090a5ec87e6042dc90624da8d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ant1newsgr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ant1newsgr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
index 0d444fc33e359e56839a89ca66731a002d870dbe..28fbd606eff63cb96c7efed8969f82685138cf5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/__init__.py
index 6e223db9fc891a0e9aff0fcf0b684079a92f2b44..6530caf5305a0847f92f2e8b5680d2c98d49bddc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .nfl import NFLTokenGenerator
 
 __all__ = [
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/common.py
index b959a903bde6acf13d46038eb0aafff868467b42..3800b5808e8dfccab4a6c4e3e31651a7bedc9144 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/common.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 class TokenGenerator:
     def generate(self, anvack, mcp_id):
         raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/nfl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/nfl.py
index 97a2b245f76f953de05abe145b8a59fe1f8798bc..9ee4aa002e60dc349684a341afe4ca1842ec72f5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/nfl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato_token_generator/nfl.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import TokenGenerator
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
index 4766a2c7747b11720b2aabbeac0b38ed8a4e34b7..b67db2adcae026f4d0ddd623972854023e6acff3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .yahoo import YahooIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
index 1736cdf566b1d0d78717eafb9ef51209dd2d021d..847be6edf7269cd583b8fd8fedcdd656d9d7c12b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aparat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aparat.py
index 1057233cf4e867b3cdb541d274a112c66a8bbe1a..cd6cd1c7907a0fa8ac343f0d0ab71beacac4a422 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aparat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aparat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     get_element_by_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
index 494f8330c1664249110ded505c18c9351dbaa2ac..d00b0f9060ec57ae9bf93fc18009397c75dc83dd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     str_to_int,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
index 9139ff777aa824d1a8f0dcb48d991d29c8056f61..49bbeab823eb84601f517ad4d5641dbba55cb98b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
index 8140e332be147bd5ecf054bf67ee964ba0bab8f0..6b63f070d6ac23b1406072934230136eb27cd3e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
index 2ab3c1bebdacf745c2061c44cd08f1812a21db3e..c85d5297d3cad9e7b7ebb045ea3061280c901ae9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -479,7 +476,7 @@ def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list = None, collapse: list = Non
 
     def _extract_yt_initial_variable(self, webpage, regex, video_id, name):
         return self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            (r'%s\s*%s' % (regex, self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE),
+            (fr'{regex}\s*{self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE}',
              regex), webpage, name, default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False)
 
     def _extract_webpage_title(self, webpage):
@@ -597,7 +594,7 @@ def _get_capture_dates(self, video_id, url_date):
         response = self._call_cdx_api(
             video_id, f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}',
             filters=['mimetype:text/html'], collapse=['timestamp:6', 'digest'], query={'matchType': 'prefix'}) or []
-        all_captures = sorted([int_or_none(r['timestamp']) for r in response if int_or_none(r['timestamp']) is not None])
+        all_captures = sorted(int_or_none(r['timestamp']) for r in response if int_or_none(r['timestamp']) is not None)
 
         # Prefer the new polymer UI captures as we support extracting more metadata from them
         # WBM captures seem to all switch to this layout ~July 2020
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
index 8880e5c957396441a2576c50e1e4c00c48c4b1e0..2e3f3cc5fbc1fd7d9beec20a1e2bdd63c3de904a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
index 7ea339b3999ba79ae23274868dcacc9e3b4b0ec7..f294679effbe0321d455ab0ee0e45eaae171235c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
index 4f4f457c16565445e14ca9266dcb80183cb95e2c..9da2bfd5e0591de219c401e2aab04cc493d01adf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
index 050c252e3f467fc4b6d869ee335a6826d09cbabf..96b134fa0e6bc3842667f56753f66e952a31695f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_parse_qs,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
index c2f2c1bd3c9fff6d2088909a0dd218f90ffb2d04..443b0d4b9ee1db591a7090dc55019fc0c30d6fcb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/asiancrush.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/asiancrush.py
index 7f1940fcab978969ed9332105f3924e498e4d318..23f310edb34ec8f6c247e1e240a1a34e8cb94261 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/asiancrush.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/asiancrush.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
index 465af4ed3404ab1502bcb3cf22dfb81030358c02..39d1f1cc5656ebb586d4526e441f43aa400068e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atttechchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atttechchannel.py
index 8f93fb353471dbd6516a540b0621d7c292720e05..6ff4ec0ad357271ea6370edaeae711acaaa7394a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atttechchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atttechchannel.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
index 481a09737abdf2857d76975b78e575c11a3bfe15..2311837e91036f5524410ffca9a59b3faf45c458 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
index 6bd48ef1593e4dded0805f44524cc3227fe3bb26..c1c4f67d0a903e4229fae9ace831ba19b7da0f8a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
index c51837b40615ac95da2d7ed917eb7e9fc8464723..dc19a3874bb81bbf4dc97eeeb552f3462829d94a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
index 19775cf0f3dbba687d39a94b6b9a7249172fbb1e..5c4160fe46e82e0698a2db58fd939dd742aa36f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import time
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
index fa64995d50047ba92946ff296f02b6e1d18d907f..189d1224fb09d29c49adcea67220b35070e87bad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
index f5e559c9f469241b81cbe7ed74350120d00ded95..d289f6be30cb5756237ffe10c057e88c5e59efd3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
index dccfeaf7346df0d185e493978d553ef7dccfcc58..c2b22922be2e2145f3891ea55ac34af81f69f9a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import hashlib
 import hmac
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
index 0168340b9309612eb7418dbfe7741b3e695f6cb6..d1686eed64bede02dc87f6e34e533d5e926a290d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
index 364fd94591badfcb470b31b2e1a6ccf4f9c7bede..8786d67e06dc7ed09967ceacff46db7190714670 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unescapeHTML
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
index 3d4d36ec361eeb822e9598b63ed33311d61bf1bb..92f567c5db0f9a1de086441d51bf6723cfa54f4a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import math
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py
index f1bcdef7a3e5f03deb1ddc87e46c3cf1c49d810b..2e323337612263955e83b01b08b05df6e32fe6ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from ..utils import extract_attributes
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
index 745055e2d52079803f213077995f1c8c65543d15..5863eaeca625d95f07e8d229e6d3f444e8ce206d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
index 3db1151f6d3a628b0823bdb9fc7cb8084fd9956a..ec9bdd8cad94f9675235396974bffa08b2f0e1f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
index 29ad7ded77e5f44da9e5289f3429336e70ff1d10..9cb019a491e27b9d199f8930a72ed09fe5e4e649 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import functools
 import itertools
 import json
@@ -8,7 +6,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_Element,
     compat_HTTPError,
     compat_str,
     compat_urllib_error,
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, media, programme_id):
                 continue
             captions = self._download_xml(
                 cc_url, programme_id, 'Downloading captions', fatal=False)
-            if not isinstance(captions, compat_etree_Element):
+            if not isinstance(captions, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
                 continue
             subtitles['en'] = [
                 {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
index e1cf8b4fe7867f4fb7d5760adf5a8f71e24a080a..f71f1f30802fc7155f517414445cf1dadb679435 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
index 717fff3a680713eb30d2b8acb232f0bf4f2038eb..5957e370abcfca648fc371908bced8615f56e80a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
index 2c97f9817da93f67a220870f2ac9a37668394f58..ca4498150ee1097b6c06eb3f5ef24fbf2780e517 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import url_basename
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
index 904c17ed00ca44c7a859197e350b75ac12155dea..8f9849d9b6867b0ddaaa290c36be84e3a41c1745 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
index 2c7144235039e24733f0ab8c31a63c98e589f86a..6b867d135f834cc86928f7c086adb0ea8b9edcdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfi.py
index 60c8944b53ef29a652811282d77bc6654acd0082..76f0516a4dcd1866ea79eb15bf9e166590b63c1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
index 501f69d802f4dd7ef39d7793ae2e565d421590d5..48526e38b64c97646e4794d790e7bf31a4e64322 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bibeltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bibeltv.py
index 56c2bfee874edffb08419bde9932a5976392b3e1..fd20aadad4f95c9b8f75a78291d3057ff0ad6678 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bibeltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bibeltv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
index 28e3e59f670995b747fc028f99c285e2ef7e69aa..6b2797ca00a53618f869948fdda8d72ec4ee6867 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
index 1b2498890f692596b061e0497ebcd1d942a88d14..84f0150f6b64db3fb89c7471dc7a47771babf533 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
index b8dfbd42b429beb8f530076b1efdee571ec4d855..f3dea33c468f5e3629e2933d0310ea8fc358010b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
index a9574758cc8c666887202b6446235ef1e05f9b50..eb2dcb0244d15dc86b2dddfa2dfec60b12a7694e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import itertools
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/biobiochiletv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/biobiochiletv.py
index dc86c57c5df2e1efdb995cae9bd482f31b6c48fa..180c9656e3556a7b54e5444dbe439b51161396f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/biobiochiletv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/biobiochiletv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/biqle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/biqle.py
index 2b57bade3dff83b0906c0faaa1af060343a36384..3a423449165e03cb306282d1864b260b5ad681cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/biqle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/biqle.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vk import VKIE
 from ..compat import compat_b64decode
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
index dcae6f4cc8808637da1beb5515aacc2cd0c722ea..c831092d4c4d0e0986975521247d3f099f200f18 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitwave.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitwave.py
index e6e093f5977d53279db6d624cef0c7b354274ffc..bd8eac1f13ae034aa2ab7998560f6b560d088cf6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitwave.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitwave.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
index 8ae29419842cacf9e39f4b87201deda87c78683a..8f41c897adfbdaea5266d2aa63f6879bc17ee9ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import parse_iso8601
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
index d1bf8e82934cf81cf774ca0408d9228323686e55..8d8fabe331792e717fe8b8649d4436a56ab4528f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .amp import AMPIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blinkx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blinkx.py
index d70a3b30ffb37719f3758500951e5b1e7fa573b0..80531ccadda87c1b263a57954359051dda5194a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blinkx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blinkx.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
index dba131cb05793ad384185112ae087e667cdfe89d..d7aa7f94ebb915cdba9f9ad28249ff7fe8bbbbc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
index 2fbfad1ba04adf915c41441173a6464c6b96b100..c0aaeae02b77a0a847c31b882514ef562d8fefc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
index 6a89d36f49397fb5cdb1b18a9ae1a58d8c1911ee..0c081750e4b97866f667fa05b90d4dac3ffa8f82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
index 4e346e7b6ec47efe9f0c40465799aa0d74b34284..cbef0fc53a5e57526e916abb449220c679412b65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
index 57882fbeeaab2265d4e110384b6cfb9d7325095a..92f8ea2cb47c47defbfafe369b6a5b6785dfa4fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
index 8214086a6f175604f0f6b63eed0921ebe406b0e4..5842de88a8dd85d5229b25100a985b265f6b5d45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
index 8f6ef3cf06419d8933e049f2a4a43257e4172c7b..388f1f94fbf3e64076396565fc5590be45d64fae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -16,7 +13,6 @@ class BpbIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://www.bpb.de/mediathek/297/joachim-gauck-zu-1989-und-die-erinnerung-an-die-ddr',
-        # md5 fails in Python 2.6 due to buggy server response and wrong handling of urllib2
         'md5': 'c4f84c8a8044ca9ff68bb8441d300b3f',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '297',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
index 0155827d8f010498e6586c5863e9ddc76d2b2473..faac442e89a0527d229f02b25e3749fe373630cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
index 139d51c09f02940fe5912152b4353715f88f818a..d4895848e0e57d770d54cf3841a20876d63f9aa4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/breakcom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/breakcom.py
index f38789f99859f1df51ee132eb36f14ffc9527158..51c8c822fa2a9b02117ebe1e8934f2df6761bc85 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/breakcom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/breakcom.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
index e029aa627fac5f9f8b0886c90b6034c3d21f14f8..a2b04fccee84f6514fe57dae590149d363ee9ba8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
index dcd332b435de6934f4d0155004bf8ed313719359..936c34e158531a06c132e12e8db380790ca70059 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import re
 import struct
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -12,7 +10,6 @@
     compat_HTTPError,
     compat_parse_qs,
     compat_urlparse,
-    compat_xml_parse_error,
 )
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
@@ -166,7 +163,7 @@ def _build_brightcove_url(cls, object_str):
 
         try:
             object_doc = compat_etree_fromstring(object_str.encode('utf-8'))
-        except compat_xml_parse_error:
+        except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
             return
 
         fv_el = find_xpath_attr(object_doc, './param', 'name', 'flashVars')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
index 73a57b1e4db835ab09ac308704bd105d796628ac..4b3f5e68b85c6311e57949358d47d2684aeb75ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
index ec411091efe7dc15b28c7f4a3939bff89395fa59..1b4cba63e2b0527e73b5eea0032d9fac8f9e3c13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
index f4d5086ed72029d01df314da084d20cd50f58064..eca2e294e7919029789956e4730a61c3b0341570 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
index a853c530ccbdef5054272efa580be09a2a959b6e..1d98ea5983b53600a336629fc18be917e2e8ea55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py
index 77efdf45af16af9a65df5630b82282a6d03ca110..3200b56771116a7e312da001a3e3821da11dffdb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
index 1f3b7cfff956a98fc16961e5b568a1c4d8ed9dd7..fc5da7028333a687e5b209db59cfefea0bf80e7b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     traverse_obj,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
index 9ac740f7e90b1c61768c72aed79b8093f0c40f1c..e52dfb17064228ed7092c1f37c41885a68e46a1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
index 2a3931fd070acc7857470cd46c40a3f6e1e2c825..4256b28e08af050ae844bb47d51ff18fbcc95ff0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
index 8f0c6c545c35312813bb461b3218f868a660fdd2..c7079e4224a5be476d8696f7843c0ab819c3f2d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
index 3dc19377b30533c8c701979fac2931bdd5f59c84..32fbffcc2c88ab3166754b9d096008ebce089503 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camwithher.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camwithher.py
index bbc5205fded6ee2ba99c159e5436d9fcb74ffd2b..a0b3749edfcf1bd2c795c256b4d2069bae640f75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camwithher.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camwithher.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
index 0365cb2f6904d21cd180b0834d2d52ad8b47b475..f2ec9355f4447024e245212308f106e310b0d89a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
index 407cc8084836cec7f82113eb71ff8e0314a8e932..c9bb94c402e0a33774080278b91736412febe9d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
index 211ea267a2cccef164857c73b9244e6083afca45..b184398e2d94b4463ac1cd141ce74cfcb7429d6b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     # ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
index 8b9903774d7f81643ae4ea7ff05823ae0a90f74b..8eff4a57c15ff0da25beecd02c8f360cf09dda88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import json
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/carambatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/carambatv.py
index 7e5cc90fb570b916d4da55f7641ca7f1518d53a7..087ea8aa084ab9acec715f17c4d1df5612ebbae5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/carambatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/carambatv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
index 48b33617f2a3b42ed996d061d878f78934282d02..4dd7ac46d45b2bd2f041743088cb23c9fa4fc41b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
index fba8bf965facb896e681e5c0e4ce9fd749960518..cac3f1e9d09d21dbece29b7e6362deb8f0867421 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 import base64
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
index 2af36ea825b579ce66c2336e443c59816162dd8e..e32539c9e73e94ea4d4045e64eca4a0452e606fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformFeedIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsinteractive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsinteractive.py
index 9d4f754354029f4cd2d6e85ffc8512d4910bc306..7abeecf78a31fb2d214e61409f6ba9c72704b84a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsinteractive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsinteractive.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .cbs import CBSIE
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbslocal.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbslocal.py
index 3b7e1a8b9f655dc7fcde1e663b538e02175f055b..c6495c95fedec2691d6b8d87f41bf9385b0acd4d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbslocal.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbslocal.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .anvato import AnvatoIE
 from .sendtonews import SendtoNewsIE
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
index 1285ed65e5bbea10d9b57cad861767543fa8fee4..76925b4f9b5887dae9a8e3b3a144983bf1d5bce8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import zlib
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbssports.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbssports.py
index b8a6e59678dd3f3fbe28a1ecb0f8dce37dd65a2f..56a25514976cdcfa2696d67345f45ae3ce687ef3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbssports.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbssports.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 # from .cbs import CBSBaseIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
index 36e6dff72c9f4bf62b59b864091a7b3a0d17ba5b..b11e1f74edd209255b06b98f29d91f871aef0bfd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
index 9dbaabfa087b4bd33e3a33678879878a7172c5d6..ca739f8a14e8c381ad5364d2bef6d52a3e28990d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
index 0ed5f327b62a8cfc15bd9e0d4d24d14d322dd907..623cbb3420a866c403eee6adcbad6a62f5fdfa18 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
index 72c47050ff7bbb3613444c44345f497571cb2046..9b257bee97be3cea82c52b26691ea8574bf20339 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import codecs
 import re
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
index ddf66b2070d67369a8d34d72b279ac51d25af99d..331b350f1d3ea7e65b92263a0712fb179c934795 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
index 89f173887e160f15db12ccfd6f2b09854c4e5a87..aaafa02d1b23c3e2aeec98aca51bbdf9d7614001 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/channel9.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/channel9.py
index 90024dbbadf2c08af69de3fb192267c118091c71..90a1ab2bee5225acd8e0ce6c9f35e56c6f11021d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/channel9.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/channel9.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
index 42c9af263e994d89edece2d29aac8949d577c69f..27f8b33e54f70ee77052b91ad9fc5bf690279cae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import remove_end
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
index 8da51f91964356247fcfad80b4e8046747802e56..d39210bf742b75ad57afe44d986dc1f6f1548ea5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chilloutzone.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chilloutzone.py
index fd5202b9e4daf5e2d5328160d54548883770f23a..1a2f77c4eb3883d36294dbe9e2921e5aaa2e7656 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chilloutzone.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chilloutzone.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chingari.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chingari.py
index e6841fb8b2b3e5499f40e67494e0fd60607111af..40613cfa3aa8e3ccb7421cb2f1d316bcc8346138 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chingari.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chingari.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chirbit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chirbit.py
index 8d75cdf199b7f7b8ac5321c1e58b7ef57d4f2622..452711d973ffe4126da14050856db473b9deef42 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chirbit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chirbit.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinchcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinchcast.py
index b861d54b0a1a3c37ca9999d4bbb865d10e36abcf..393df36984146e54bfcffcf0f6e7827ee279662a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinchcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinchcast.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     unified_strdate,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
index 2c3ff8d4f9ff5ce72b4aacf6a37acecf805f8d52..54cab2285e851ebc02f61dc5ee9621ef3ed9111f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .hbo import HBOBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
index 349c5eb50d25b3301a42512d1c31975d2c476b01..0668578170f85fdd4b1d4b4e78b52afce422d3b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
index 882dae91b5418ebf0ba45c64e7544e6953e11a40..e1aae9bda6de12ec82fd3cfdd937957342167be4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
index 1dea0d7c718da5ae2f32d741fa07cb88a41dae8e..c37a3b84828c9c8593220a7229ad6d48fa14a329 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliphunter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliphunter.py
index f2ca7a337df88aab5ba7f7b070537b7b9fec3172..7e5fd317507e0c304f52c81ea57f95ef4abdba9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliphunter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliphunter.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
index a1a7a774c6e3a4b38d3102aaf0f7cb243bb4d190..006a713b2a575ba5d51d87411e4132ad0684dd08 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
index d55b26d59ff89af6ef9ae7943cb67b4346031f66..567f77b94eefde5a19031b3e23c8e7a6d2a48cd4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .onet import OnetBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clipsyndicate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clipsyndicate.py
index 6cdb42f5a4ae56ab9fd1202716c62cadc8bc456d..60644432105f472988a599638563079f4765b39d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clipsyndicate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clipsyndicate.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     find_xpath_attr,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
index 517e121e0288faac31b747aff86c46d4ad0d0de7..e78e26a113bc4edb75f7de3039bfba0d9d623b2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
index 2fdcfbb3af1fbffb9e66abff56b86e31762ad449..0333d5def5c2b498e565f0407a391a5d234a6ddf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudy.py
index 85ca20eccd0c5bb2e8e39468d6ad62428d918059..848643e26276b6cd293c6196c0e9b2cff1208c82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     str_to_int,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
index 98f9cb596955621d458461c42a6e7adb7638b9db..ce86212965fdac5269dc13f8269a89edbfc970e4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
index e6b2ac4d4887504cf7e901d625aca1b77c8e476c..c64726ca278ff45e1042ec6db5fd2d336a504ff8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
index a4ddb91609faf0df60e95d1358103319c17b1fd6..4eec066dd7eae44798eac4b7bdb28e580b71f8ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVIE
 
 # TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnbc.py
index da3730cc82cdc0dabd3195108b7bfa7a9ddb4691..68fd025b7c691acbd40a299740ddc938a47c2534 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnbc.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import smuggle_url
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
index af11d95b43395d5248f05b184c5145253bc3da5d..96482eaf582c0048efaf3e18d0460c36c34c48bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
 from ..utils import url_basename
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
index 5a12ab5e6993e36604d67f4b82880b17ac4bd2e1..05fc9f2b500228b5de331840875de770c8a00a8e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
index 1b6517e7b5afef78e5682fbfa0d7fe4303407b4d..480d98b3affad845e527e88d089056e2e9ad67e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import collections
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import json
+import math
 import netrc
 import os
 import random
 import re
 import sys
 import time
-import math
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -21,7 +19,6 @@
 from ..compat import (
     compat_cookiejar_Cookie,
     compat_cookies_SimpleCookie,
-    compat_etree_Element,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
     compat_getpass,
@@ -34,14 +31,17 @@
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
-    compat_xml_parse_error,
 )
 from ..downloader import FileDownloader
-from ..downloader.f4m import (
-    get_base_url,
-    remove_encrypted_media,
-)
+from ..downloader.f4m import get_base_url, remove_encrypted_media
 from ..utils import (
+    JSON_LD_RE,
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
+    GeoRestrictedError,
+    GeoUtils,
+    RegexNotFoundError,
+    UnsupportedError,
     age_restricted,
     base_url,
     bug_reports_message,
@@ -52,22 +52,17 @@
     encode_data_uri,
     error_to_compat_str,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     filter_dict,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
-    GeoRestrictedError,
-    GeoUtils,
     get_first_group,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     js_to_json,
-    JSON_LD_RE,
     merge_dicts,
     mimetype2ext,
     network_exceptions,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     orderedSet,
     parse_bitrate,
     parse_codecs,
@@ -76,7 +71,6 @@
     parse_m3u8_attributes,
     parse_resolution,
     preferredencoding,
-    RegexNotFoundError,
     request_to_url,
     sanitize_filename,
     sanitized_Request,
@@ -86,7 +80,6 @@
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
-    UnsupportedError,
     unified_strdate,
     unified_timestamp,
     update_Request,
@@ -103,7 +96,7 @@
 from ..websocket import HAVE_WEBSOCKET
 
 
-class InfoExtractor(object):
+class InfoExtractor:
     """Information Extractor class.
 
     Information extractors are the classes that, given a URL, extract
@@ -652,7 +645,7 @@ def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, geo_bypass_context):
             if country:
                 self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country)
                 self._downloader.write_debug(
-                    'Using fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For' % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country.upper()))
+                    f'Using fake IP {self._x_forwarded_for_ip} ({country.upper()}) as X-Forwarded-For')
 
     def extract(self, url):
         """Extracts URL information and returns it in list of dicts."""
@@ -774,9 +767,9 @@ def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fa
             self.report_download_webpage(video_id)
         elif note is not False:
             if video_id is None:
-                self.to_screen('%s' % (note,))
+                self.to_screen(str(note))
             else:
-                self.to_screen('%s: %s' % (video_id, note))
+                self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: {note}')
 
         # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
         # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
@@ -814,7 +807,7 @@ def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fa
             if errnote is None:
                 errnote = 'Unable to download webpage'
 
-            errmsg = '%s: %s' % (errnote, error_to_compat_str(err))
+            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {error_to_compat_str(err)}'
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=err)
             else:
@@ -911,7 +904,7 @@ def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errno
             dump = base64.b64encode(webpage_bytes).decode('ascii')
             self._downloader.to_screen(dump)
         if self.get_param('write_pages', False):
-            basen = '%s_%s' % (video_id, final_url)
+            basen = f'{video_id}_{final_url}'
             trim_length = self.get_param('trim_file_name') or 240
             if len(basen) > trim_length:
                 h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
@@ -1004,7 +997,7 @@ def _download_xml_handle(
             expected_status=None,
             json_body=None, form_params=None, body_encoding=None):
         """
-        Return a tuple (xml as an compat_etree_Element, URL handle).
+        Return a tuple (xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element, URL handle).
 
         See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
         """
@@ -1027,7 +1020,7 @@ def _download_xml(
             data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None,
             json_body=None, form_params=None, body_encoding=None):
         """
-        Return the xml as an compat_etree_Element.
+        Return the xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.
 
         See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
         """
@@ -1045,7 +1038,7 @@ def _parse_xml(self, xml_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True):
         try:
             # return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
             return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string)
-        except compat_xml_parse_error as ve:
+        except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError as ve:
             errmsg = '%s: Failed to parse XML ' % video_id
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=ve)
@@ -1164,10 +1157,10 @@ def report_warning(self, msg, video_id=None, *args, only_once=False, **kwargs):
 
     def to_screen(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         """Print msg to screen, prefixing it with '[ie_name]'"""
-        self._downloader.to_screen('[%s] %s' % (self.IE_NAME, msg), *args, **kwargs)
+        self._downloader.to_screen(f'[{self.IE_NAME}] {msg}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def write_debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
-        self._downloader.write_debug('[%s] %s' % (self.IE_NAME, msg), *args, **kwargs)
+        self._downloader.write_debug(f'[{self.IE_NAME}] {msg}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def get_param(self, name, default=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if self._downloader:
@@ -1204,7 +1197,7 @@ def raise_login_required(
             method = 'any' if self.supports_login() else 'cookies'
         if method is not None:
             assert method in self._LOGIN_HINTS, 'Invalid login method'
-            msg = '%s. %s' % (msg, self._LOGIN_HINTS[method])
+            msg = f'{msg}. {self._LOGIN_HINTS[method]}'
         raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
 
     def raise_geo_restricted(
@@ -1323,7 +1316,7 @@ def _get_netrc_login_info(self, netrc_machine=None):
                 else:
                     raise netrc.NetrcParseError(
                         'No authenticators for %s' % netrc_machine)
-            except (IOError, netrc.NetrcParseError) as err:
+            except (OSError, netrc.NetrcParseError) as err:
                 self.report_warning(
                     'parsing .netrc: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
 
@@ -2075,7 +2068,7 @@ def _extract_f4m_formats(self, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None, quality=
     def _parse_f4m_formats(self, manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None, quality=None, f4m_id=None,
                            transform_source=lambda s: fix_xml_ampersands(s).strip(),
                            fatal=True, m3u8_id=None):
-        if not isinstance(manifest, compat_etree_Element) and not fatal:
+        if not isinstance(manifest, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element) and not fatal:
             return []
 
         # currently yt-dlp cannot decode the playerVerificationChallenge as Akamai uses Adobe Alchemy
@@ -3409,7 +3402,7 @@ def _extract_akamai_formats_and_subtitles(self, manifest_url, video_id, hosts={}
                             http_f = f.copy()
                             del http_f['manifest_url']
                             http_url = re.sub(
-                                REPL_REGEX, protocol + r'://%s/\g<1>%s\3' % (http_host, qualities[i]), f['url'])
+                                REPL_REGEX, protocol + fr'://{http_host}/\g<1>{qualities[i]}\3', f['url'])
                             http_f.update({
                                 'format_id': http_f['format_id'].replace('hls-', protocol + '-'),
                                 'url': http_url,
@@ -3430,7 +3423,7 @@ def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native
         formats = []
 
         def manifest_url(manifest):
-            m_url = '%s/%s' % (http_base_url, manifest)
+            m_url = f'{http_base_url}/{manifest}'
             if query:
                 m_url += '?%s' % query
             return m_url
@@ -3467,7 +3460,7 @@ def manifest_url(manifest):
             for protocol in ('rtmp', 'rtsp'):
                 if protocol not in skip_protocols:
                     formats.append({
-                        'url': '%s:%s' % (protocol, url_base),
+                        'url': f'{protocol}:{url_base}',
                         'format_id': protocol,
                         'protocol': protocol,
                     })
@@ -3633,7 +3626,7 @@ def _live_title(self, name):
     def _int(self, v, name, fatal=False, **kwargs):
         res = int_or_none(v, **kwargs)
         if res is None:
-            msg = 'Failed to extract %s: Could not parse value %r' % (name, v)
+            msg = f'Failed to extract {name}: Could not parse value {v!r}'
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(msg)
             else:
@@ -3643,7 +3636,7 @@ def _int(self, v, name, fatal=False, **kwargs):
     def _float(self, v, name, fatal=False, **kwargs):
         res = float_or_none(v, **kwargs)
         if res is None:
-            msg = 'Failed to extract %s: Could not parse value %r' % (name, v)
+            msg = f'Failed to extract {name}: Could not parse value {v!r}'
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(msg)
             else:
@@ -3685,9 +3678,7 @@ def _apply_first_set_cookie_header(self, url_handle, cookie):
         for header, cookies in url_handle.headers.items():
             if header.lower() != 'set-cookie':
                 continue
-            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
-                cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1')
-            cookies = cookies.decode('utf-8')
+            cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
             cookie_value = re.search(
                 r'%s=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)' % cookie, cookies)
             if cookie_value:
@@ -3767,7 +3758,7 @@ def _get_comments(self, *args, **kwargs):
     def _merge_subtitle_items(subtitle_list1, subtitle_list2):
         """ Merge subtitle items for one language. Items with duplicated URLs/data
         will be dropped. """
-        list1_data = set((item.get('url'), item.get('data')) for item in subtitle_list1)
+        list1_data = {(item.get('url'), item.get('data')) for item in subtitle_list1}
         ret = list(subtitle_list1)
         ret.extend(item for item in subtitle_list2 if (item.get('url'), item.get('data')) not in list1_data)
         return ret
@@ -3843,7 +3834,7 @@ def _configuration_arg(self, key, default=NO_DEFAULT, *, ie_key=None, casesense=
 
     def _merge_video_infodicts(self, dicts, sort_formats=True):
         valid_dicts = list(filter(None, dicts))
-        all_info = merge_dicts(*filter(None, dicts))
+        all_info = merge_dicts(*valid_dicts)
 
         all_formats = list(x for y in valid_dicts for x in (y.get('formats') or []))
         if sort_formats:
@@ -3895,7 +3886,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, query):
         else:
             n = int(prefix)
             if n <= 0:
-                raise ExtractorError('invalid download number %s for query "%s"' % (n, query))
+                raise ExtractorError(f'invalid download number {n} for query "{query}"')
             elif n > self._MAX_RESULTS:
                 self.report_warning('%s returns max %i results (you requested %i)' % (self._SEARCH_KEY, self._MAX_RESULTS, n))
                 n = self._MAX_RESULTS
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
index 05126965233f5f5502df095fd1099bf2053db16e..62bd51fd7c4616ef86c15b1da456e243bc07675b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import sys
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
@@ -35,9 +31,7 @@ class UnicodeBOMIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = False
     _VALID_URL = r'(?P<bom>\ufeff)(?P<id>.*)$'
 
-    # Disable test for python 3.2 since BOM is broken in re in this version
-    # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9751)
-    _TESTS = [] if (3, 0) < sys.version_info <= (3, 3) else [{
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': '\ufeffhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
index d98331a4e400b23389bee55e4b648b31d464b8d6..23bfcae01bef872e6ca6a932c82cc202a1744daa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 
 
 class RtmpIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
index 54e7af8b094e7455a35895a4a32a8ccc4c4141f8..cf6e40cb835c34d11406f9388433d04c41f86179 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
index 84b462d40a4dc0e6f8d17113e921e1d528197585..50648a53687fa475e6a5f8473274453eb7e730ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
index 119461375ea16e54dddf85ad77a53c3a0ba43c19..7b83c0390d2a27d0b4a1b07a7afd2d8e72e25ae2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformFeedIE
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
index e90aa1954f4a22b017f5b1e0c386d184c2f14e54..b462acaf01705472deb1acdc7ed85f2c2d1644c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
index d49f1ca7442f5ba0d2ff9536fe262d26165c6475..5ef5afcc215d453530ceffe4eddf813ca1b1f5c6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
index 22741152c643a903effd410f2d22259191a86b66..e8975e5e2bca6081b8165cdbee2e5712066224ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
index f77a68ecedf74bc5192fbc475848f6b1a1234315..c6aabccc684262a3b4e76df8fbbe60501ce1c81e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
index db4962c422f73c676c20bd1715a5b6c9247faf08..319374f3b81b0559cbef8ec86121b9af951b3767 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals, division
-
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
index ed2f4420ef77f753b5765915eb5f38f74be9ec13..307bfb94600e7f315f2b6c347b4b9c21f2e5e8b6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
index 7fb782db7ce930a47fc9a75730409aec805c18ac..c831a3ae08109e627b42e05e25853ff4bd54061f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
index 72906afefa3326ceaaedf6ae3ff323f8c7a4f401..75d90b5c55f64173199ff4e5ae194239ef104e86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
index 7edb645f8205fbfc6bbd0ced8e3b020098ef8afb..bb1dbbaad7116ff4f9abe256ac7476f884d110c0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import re
 import json
 import zlib
 
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 from hashlib import sha1
 from math import pow, sqrt, floor
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vrv import VRVBaseIE
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
-    compat_etree_Element,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_str,
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
@@ -395,7 +392,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, webpage):
                 'Downloading subtitles for ' + sub_name, data={
                     'subtitle_script_id': sub_id,
                 })
-            if not isinstance(sub_doc, compat_etree_Element):
+            if not isinstance(sub_doc, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
                 continue
             sid = sub_doc.get('id')
             iv = xpath_text(sub_doc, 'iv', 'subtitle iv')
@@ -525,7 +522,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'video_quality': stream_quality,
                         'current_page': url,
                     })
-                if isinstance(streamdata, compat_etree_Element):
+                if isinstance(streamdata, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
                     stream_info = streamdata.find('./{default}preload/stream_info')
                     if stream_info is not None:
                         stream_infos.append(stream_info)
@@ -536,7 +533,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'video_format': stream_format,
                         'video_encode_quality': stream_quality,
                     })
-                if isinstance(stream_info, compat_etree_Element):
+                if isinstance(stream_info, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
                     stream_infos.append(stream_info)
                 for stream_info in stream_infos:
                     video_encode_id = xpath_text(stream_info, './video_encode_id')
@@ -611,7 +608,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         season = episode = episode_number = duration = None
 
-        if isinstance(metadata, compat_etree_Element):
+        if isinstance(metadata, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
             season = xpath_text(metadata, 'series_title')
             episode = xpath_text(metadata, 'episode_title')
             episode_number = int_or_none(xpath_text(metadata, 'episode_number'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
index f51159bbe68c9de6ae7c4e14129c8185f73c6e5c..cb15236179eb5a999510d7f8d8ca6cdc7dec2397 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
index 679f1d92e95f3d78dcc945f727d53aee6182a93b..cec178f03409e7bfb8d56973baf5ba39429e7731 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_timestamp
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
index 756bcc2beab01a3b372eb8fb40cebda4aa9b7c7b..f125c1ce9960f789f46f2c6cb252fc81c1ff4405 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
index 952f4c747f28a3337312352279bd650f1673e774..ad3f0d8e4d155442d1755f7bc459a27d86ac8404 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
index 9002e4cef505e332ade64a1184afc0c68664ed40..2fb22800f36b83d1065c31938b692bf5d414745d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
index b8abcf7a5a517b5ba2103807ddbf6e97f2110c2f..5b76b29ff4fa3b968398b23c6cbfec8abe534c4f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
index 73382431b7c8dccf35d118b5506bfb38b29a9804..07239f39cf924accb4c1c45ebc3ca8f05576d5f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
index c278f0fe0a4f54e438f69f3ac0f0e2dc03a62dcd..7da581828e07167f58e0b2ef41a4f1827dd060e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/daftsex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/daftsex.py
index 6037fd9cadb0c1f06d9cf6d5dcfa35c91869115a..0fe014f769c37a81d7f412b4002cc3c1bbd14265 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/daftsex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/daftsex.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
index 67b88fd56234ee9448bd4d6cc33c4d4534eb672d..5451dbf00082ed2ae36014b6c23a87fefffe41bb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
index 9cb56185bc622775e05fa413110eb40057e01eef..3b090d5e02c02131885b4318cd6af83b402bde0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import json
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
index ba6831d8807155e1f74ccfec42efc84e4eac3d28..ac0c89b7a2e341b17bc09ab366ef3162e851bc05 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
index 4362e92cbf10202aefdca235d8256af9e09c9d9c..a1f197b0bc4b0f4ef075139854972a17fe3ca846 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
index 8e73176a67855e8e80022d7a87329c2aaa4f6147..2beccd8b51566f1912c9c39b6a42eff9b1332898 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
index e700f8d86531415da0f1db0f2ccdaef6ea10ac53..24bb6aca2513bf38d0bd85e0a79ab2d8948fc4ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
index 7ba02e552e14ab30271df447aa464de58da84119..bee1c7501ce242ba0beb1e40ef75db8514a29fa2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/defense.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/defense.py
index 9fe144e1431941051f3f2b7134fd9eb888522e96..7d73ea862e725a827cccbade70e6be7383656920 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/defense.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/defense.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
index 5c9c0ecdc0e20c1dbf9871edb65c43a24c714396..af327e6c6b2f43ad712e5af084bde4b1b87634d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import os.path
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
index 97f70fc7b0229eb84081220f81fe67c78d7ee761..5aca729889337c44cbdad28369be571311947c73 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dhm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dhm.py
index aee72a6ed1e2daac661887b2ed225e898635c71b..3d42fc2b0ce20177568eb33e03503784970ece15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dhm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dhm.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import parse_duration
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digg.py
index 913c1750f12c634e07607b0b2358d932eb0264e8..86e8a6facbad1b6cb2781d8435436d3348f60adf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digg.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
index 8398ae30e629ec97a799370a26a2f95a4b17efbf..c891ad0a6378e407ddfb2ee7073d91097b7f2041 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
index d63204778c662f0c6f9f4c06e18f4db84f607498..5d244cb08a0952174ac8f7e13b2e99c672c55409 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
index fd3ad75c786d46409173bec4c3fb697f3b69378b..fd3fc8fb0f5bac33be4648317cd05d8a8cf3adc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import string
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
index 9e7b14a7d594e5fbb145aab0521bc4f8250305a6..7b4278c8820a538d4bc1d241b13b5664410dd021 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoveryvr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoveryvr.py
index cb63c26495915f8d35290e6674f6254eb49c6212..a021d986e6f6d4537c68879e3f780d5ad9bb6116 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoveryvr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoveryvr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import parse_duration
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
index 0ad7b1f462247cbda766fee127561153c29ae2a7..f9af59a5710497819d071b69acb2370f780c1518 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
index 3d651f3abc85a1c831663132553d8992c141475e..d4f3324e7cdc327d24f0ad05d10cb645a63dbe43 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
index 7410eb6c8707f03986d9fe6c3c9c3f112347c11c..31b4a568f298015a156e9a2a927d9d46aba22794 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/doodstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/doodstream.py
index f692127c2fab2fe2ff24a0c4c1fc5f27d20d53d0..f1001c778cac53c477c88ac8d9462f6728e8011b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/doodstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/doodstream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import string
 import random
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dotsub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dotsub.py
index 148605c0bd0275fc18ad8fa2ace97ce8aa3cb7c7..079f837500c65c13a7cdad3d65d281adfeff4907 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dotsub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dotsub.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
index 26a8d645cd69b8b231941aa0d2ece6ae8f023569..477f4687cd114cfe80c41e09738922b378779994 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import time
 import hashlib
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
index a25f27c3a2ca9bafc6fa2660f3d915fca981bff2..54f95a44af0e1ed4ef7c1a3cb16f9494322f5cb6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import uuid
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
index ea0f06d3da18a1a0a7437b796eb7882b44f235a1..dca8c89d04416d667ef608da08e9b12ab4a617b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     js_to_json,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
index 5a07c18f49045a6605caad8b80a5231ca23d80aa..80a724607c49584a22e424a7fb2550d4c764f9a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .zdf import ZDFIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
index 058425095f62c9969f410bf0d6606629d5e0f357..106e5c457acd4cf4aa381b9749a49e4005bcd8c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
index 2559657ada796c846a94e0bd564066e6e46c61b1..6ac0c713a6915d4e7ada18044a6ad732f89e297c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os.path
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
index 2fa61950c203b0aa76640a6af88b4961e802bdf3..475825eb81fa2019958b75d933eb84c82146738a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vimeo import VHXEmbedIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
index 540b86a16905fda57c012ad206311380e2fb0220..3149e319f0b00b4b4c11ed318f014a16e4880216 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
index 37e4d5b2627c18faa328daba1e5b355f35b3ab09..843e930720a5a239c88dd94bb3a5c4a2416db3a5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import binascii
 import hashlib
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
index ad247b7ddd1c3703a8d0c8021d4f74a82f4e7666..25a98f625be74ca995077bc7edbcc2337ddf02e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 from socket import timeout
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
index a87597873e7c3871dd817c030607c9ef914f04a8..24403842d32817026eca1f4e0dd5b22daec24d68 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
index d9d9afdecba0a996bbcf36cfe46bc604344bd117..dc61115ff7a28a9c09d2f84a9b4cab0ce5261322 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
index 08663cffb89ae428d8a85a6b67153b3bf557b1d3..61d469f11c6544f16342ed1048daf284e43942e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
index 6eaee07b47df5c036811d5a489b6e06c044b08cf..ee2365ddd05dc098e94ad15b24a0548984fcbbf0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
index f86731a0c1a6a9cc761492233fe94d11c11d30c0..e2ecd4b7cf7d80492795d3fdf4408746fc58a6bc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
index c97682cd367edebfd9fc6a476ad073cb03240054..0854d03443c5fec19782d8bcc2f89401956f06b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/echomsk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/echomsk.py
index 6b7cc652fe43c60cb8d8326f1cf6bd0c51fbd59f..850eabbff067e53cb2539b2a39b8848c3e6bf14b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/echomsk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/echomsk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
index b6b86768c230f8e9b91230e18b0a109dff3e3de5..d5c954961f25c0b41401ff2f079a1d8ae54a6503 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ehow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ehow.py
index b1cd4f5d4e6fe1dbaaf6ec230aad75947887301d..74469ce36f9eba3f737b455dc952384379356fba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ehow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ehow.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
index 9a44f89f3fe801047ef283e9b1fa410c8b88cb37..3dd9ab1b31f8db9bd6402c0a3d14132d1af96e3c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import random
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py
index 7af279a536cb3c9422a8e075b4777b87ff70863b..37be68c613a6030e2144a0d40b577a8ac11d89c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
index ee5ead18b0834b7c2e27258b4fc6950fa93ad960..01a47f6fde3a58e6f7d57120631646f46f5c4211 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ellentube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ellentube.py
index d451bc0483dee5ae26191427309cafe2acd1635b..bcd458cdf4c89265c54865f1b341cb553a068d44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ellentube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ellentube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/elonet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/elonet.py
index 9c6aea28e858acc024c80815425bb51a1fbda937..f99e12250ea480ef5c412cb1b554c43933b2001d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/elonet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/elonet.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import determine_ext
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
index b89f6db62fb283b360632200319d615ab0c2dfff..7c6c880757b32242ca6018b909eeb2ddf9e94ef5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import strip_jsonp, unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/embedly.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/embedly.py
index a5820b21e05a721fd654ff8c1d1313eb80239a73..a8d1f3c55cda06fb68f014da651308c2eb0b2a61 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/embedly.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/embedly.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/engadget.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/engadget.py
index 733bf322fd7a087d6b8d4014ff79a233435d7b0e..e7c5d7bf1603e2c22e264f8f48893eba40e4f0a5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/engadget.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/engadget.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
index cd19325bc7296c1e1924bddbf75811f60c9f0466..89424785ecdb8abb5dfaded984f16e71feebc7c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
index 25a0d979906743ae2b9dd2ce058bff0c7949f652..6bc70c5c61dc8a67a66a98983e5010e63629228d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     encode_base_n,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
index 5d5e7f24426ed3055ec567e2bb4f08e263801ae5..2b61f3be7ddf3c0512196dfa47d40e3046803195 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
index 19ce23f017a110e16a26d561807b492ddf2845cd..507f0a5c11d79b9efe6c519a8b960add5100e45b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/escapist.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/escapist.py
index 4cd815ebc4c1aabfc321cf5f3c74f8328be81d1f..5d9c46f72d232224b64469c117b96265f42f7928 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/escapist.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/escapist.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
index dc50f3b8b530119a8e2ce888fce9235955909c38..8fad70e6b344ee8659538e4f5ffefc3a355bc7d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/esri.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/esri.py
index e9dcaeb1dd165f86f8eac0a78a9147fa62ada1ab..1736788db2a124ff27b89962e696fb03d195b368 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/esri.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/esri.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
index 60ab2ce133330584bc68d8545f3e7adc86067839..ea20b4d4d4752375eee572e20ac0f3f5c0e4571c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
index e28f067be01ad946fcf3ca91444fc06cd2ea5af2..1995a745d0a51aad1254af05a5a35800454bd263 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
index 2759e7436f22403beeae689b925662f8f74c40f1..4435f08e0d73f6b4c4fac3348f10223f0453bf74 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/everyonesmixtape.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/everyonesmixtape.py
index 80cb032be8e45e69dd1cb5502c957bf4122fd908..d26ff8ad3cff4dd51158b67a3d30727667d024a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/everyonesmixtape.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/everyonesmixtape.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/expotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/expotv.py
index 95a8977821d3c292470e42f0f9170674ed9a6aa2..92eaf4248a0a02fabcfc302eb8bb56ebeec3d169 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/expotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/expotv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
index dc8b855d2332521b505a53a49737e9364296876e..a1b8e9bc9ff06e168b19566beecf0fc9e8db5e27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
index 4280066f0393ddcb22e85eff957def883b22ec7e..7d25fc53ecf6fb49fd4f68d483fb5678f981bab3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # flake8: noqa
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .abc import (
     ABCIE,
     ABCIViewIE,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/extremetube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/extremetube.py
index acd4090fa351c56147245983b3b1b7dd0c1e5495..99520b6a0c7694fc6f77f96861e787fb90260465 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/extremetube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/extremetube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from ..utils import str_to_int
 from .keezmovies import KeezMoviesIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
index f62ddebaeee5426a8f8486edbdfff3bba881d0c3..d8b068e9c5e895b29711450944643e022da11c45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     xpath_text,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
index 5e0e2facf3dce5858416ca72106e5c81d9345591..2e69dce0f2c7935b32b9c76d6d0fc7cad6f115f3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
index 7ea16c61d28612a401e15b07bd6f23601951d0cc..9716e581a9d060a5a4354635335c733ccd4f6dd0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..compat import compat_str
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
index 312ee2aeed953400df55086a13bfa40ebbe31650..cc12fda2b9201adb58b61d10e8c41be38443eae8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
index 78abdefcbe153a1a21630d600daf549737b5d2a4..ca864a58ea19e04db705ada32b1ba2ed6595efeb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
index 8db7c59638704ee4febe9d371c0c85c397fb50f9..df40888e1b4ee731e07d98dd245f0d27a1d39b61 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmmodu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmmodu.py
index 2746876d5338ad1cce752bab9498452554d9d4be..d741311925a1a1e9ded85af9f4e988d478628f18 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmmodu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmmodu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
index 7b43ecc0f975607e80b13d7aaa3ffd7ec76e1af4..7040231beed8d170a02c112e166f48d8deb5fc0d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
index 5e323b4f8feabfdd11396de5551adab14fd68101..cfea1f2fb659227cd96def1ff3854f9e9c739069 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
index ccad173b792477e407a7fc062df8e86839ab771e..99c27e0c327c1a84cc06279387a96af877e26015 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fivetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fivetv.py
index d6bebd19bd8cb60a7096a1c3872c10ac55e8b9e8..448c332b3dc6e05fd0b1758380b02d394a4cce83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fivetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fivetv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
index 2ed6c2bdc6567b984e0078215c2192702c277f21..552ecd43a0a40b0d4552b2df27e4471121990ad7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
index b3df93f28fc6471b1c5fe7303415c223042261bc..0e69fa32f32dc3ddc746beef6372b5d5ddca7fa8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
index 118325b6d5cd6f29645f94c0d5cc6c719715e400..4a1316b50c1e2f1f0a440e202b036949f0757a37 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .streamable import StreamableIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/formula1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/formula1.py
index 67662e6de1d6ca98b187d21e0be1d2278aa5679a..0a8ef850ef2e28aa4219185b80ff04778cfdf1eb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/formula1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/formula1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
index d4d955b6b58a408d69296b066bad5c7919018f79..c6af100f3728cb8f011a6a374415f33e0b39d0ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
index 4c52b9ac61954c231f10e568c4f28b1bb4cc6923..5996e86bb79710092caf6eeebdea8498af917599 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import uuid
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox9.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox9.py
index 91f8f7b8a1a2727783305dfd15137978d61d121f..dfbafa7ddfb86b8e5238f27b609ebc103abb74c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox9.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox9.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxgay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxgay.py
index 1c53e0642b39d6908aad7deeeb336b77a22ba6ca..4abc2cfd020d871f702b073f273495f08a57bd26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxgay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxgay.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxnews.py
index 18fa0a5efb9a8894954414c58c70d2a54f9bb881..cee4d6b496e7c3ca1fd964d77b475490a2c1ad4b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxnews.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .amp import AMPIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxsports.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxsports.py
index 2b2cb6c6f682681a2e42cd2cc07266b583f1316a..f9d7fe52aea08128e0b30bcf9a7b0d01d90b0847 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/foxsports.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/foxsports.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
index c23fe6c533b38574c1d3c5f7882976a0425ef7e5..1872d8a1ca26b6ee5b7b8312f734b1dc931d6b26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import time
 import urllib.parse
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/franceculture.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/franceculture.py
index 9dc28d801ce6f521d636945929a24610a0cc45d5..6bd9912f335ed9ef0a0efe0021632c0b9f6460c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/franceculture.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/franceculture.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/franceinter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/franceinter.py
index ae822a50e304d39c6f1b1ef68105b14326cfb6f9..779249b8430aa47ff5a20a709c1d51a182d26cc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/franceinter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/franceinter.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import month_by_name
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
index 347a766d8fb8037bcec4dcf8b82ada72c8668c53..5902eaca07b0291604f5e49e2111d28fc9b55fe3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
index 138b6bc58cf9aa282c8afc3b6498ba84884197fc..9724dbdf0fb5f7b5108ef5bd52d440079319ed60 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freespeech.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freespeech.py
index ea9c3e317ce5c162bfb7d46691f65ba3cd38ceb8..aea551379b84dfa4f7fdd133d499b85cbccf54fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freespeech.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freespeech.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
index fc67a8437f4451e84ee66677620ceef0a8a784c6..e0529b7ba76e050ff3db7422affbe1feea369d6d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
index 4fdfe12abb5613495ad1726f694254a6d2a1a42f..15d75a972b887a3c860e716790703a3f258fb1b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from ..utils import HEADRequest
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
index 6aa9bc9ce0194290c59b61907bf38d42f5ee98b7..1e3309605a105a7b1a109db3ad366a087213a2cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 import string
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funk.py
index 2c5cfe864829c751c0c3b4fbf244518a8e489f5c..539d719c5bec228c78696686a351b5b458a8c587 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funk.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .nexx import NexxIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fusion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fusion.py
index a3f44b812fac3403816be3f40aead7ea257fc4e0..46bda49ea8b206e370f0accee67553c9a4f5aff3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fusion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fusion.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fxnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fxnetworks.py
index 00e67426b951b00d797e4a7641a037fb607e2963..370b0a597b822a0fc3629e7983c52e38792fd07a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fxnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fxnetworks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from ..utils import (
     extract_attributes,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
index 4b605742a04ef96398c1b781fdbf7144f3aa1a93..e760dcdd0e2d7149333c25bf304c14698938fa95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
index 5b0195c63c45d8dda6c8c054cd2991b144617d83..4ace0544a957aa9fef02cf0eb3c57ad2359496ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gameinformer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gameinformer.py
index f1b96c172edd9b80b974ec43aab8be1242e8f9a4..2664edb8164ad52cde634d00a64eb103f24c4524 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gameinformer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gameinformer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
index a13e528f5283a11a0b3c92f07119586a0adae7f6..440b832fcb8525a467742796f8aec7205d4bf98b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import itertools
 import json
 import math
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
index 7a1beae3cf023a7d7f01a91f3b1b30c17094a57d..e1d31737711d6a6bae97ddc216454a89170afe9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .once import OnceIE
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
index e882fa67190da9ba4a661582d32fcb3ced327767..e9966f53270c15a034b6c885574fe5a766fdfe8b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
index 03acd2a73148cc06cfb037a81359780d58d536b4..76ddcc40e6e1efb1a601d14eea21dafb30b4c9d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
index 367187080eb4ec352ed2b47244a55545f321a48e..c6868a6722c435d2e7dfb16005db598af93aeb29 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
index c3ad6b4cea19b5f6a32e3727dfbeb4ccf0518a71..2878bbd88c81f78d1807b6c57222ceaf7833d2cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
index ec386c218774c1814595c7a7c5b31e161fc383a0..c878daff82f473bd8a046c3c1a1f488579ac51e4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
index d913ce5d2b60b72f4b471b8d086f28232a7e332d..1fb6a3a65f5f6699e7c08eaae0405902454c35cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
@@ -1,31 +1,127 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import re
-import sys
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
+from .ant1newsgr import Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE
+from .anvato import AnvatoIE
+from .apa import APAIE
+from .arcpublishing import ArcPublishingIE
+from .arkena import ArkenaIE
+from .arte import ArteTVEmbedIE
+from .bitchute import BitChuteIE
+from .blogger import BloggerIE
+from .brightcove import BrightcoveLegacyIE, BrightcoveNewIE
+from .channel9 import Channel9IE
+from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .commonprotocols import RtmpIE
+from .condenast import CondeNastIE
+from .dailymail import DailyMailIE
+from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
+from .dbtv import DBTVIE
+from .digiteka import DigitekaIE
+from .drtuber import DrTuberIE
+from .eagleplatform import EaglePlatformIE
+from .ertgr import ERTWebtvEmbedIE
+from .expressen import ExpressenIE
+from .facebook import FacebookIE
+from .foxnews import FoxNewsIE
+from .gedidigital import GediDigitalIE
+from .gfycat import GfycatIE
+from .glomex import GlomexEmbedIE
+from .googledrive import GoogleDriveIE
+from .indavideo import IndavideoEmbedIE
+from .instagram import InstagramIE
+from .joj import JojIE
+from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
+from .kaltura import KalturaIE
+from .kinja import KinjaEmbedIE
+from .limelight import LimelightBaseIE
+from .mainstreaming import MainStreamingIE
+from .medialaan import MedialaanIE
+from .mediaset import MediasetIE
+from .mediasite import MediasiteIE
+from .megaphone import MegaphoneIE
+from .megatvcom import MegaTVComEmbedIE
+from .mofosex import MofosexEmbedIE
+from .mtv import MTVServicesEmbeddedIE
+from .myvi import MyviIE
+from .nbc import NBCSportsVPlayerIE
+from .nexx import NexxEmbedIE, NexxIE
+from .odnoklassniki import OdnoklassnikiIE
+from .onionstudios import OnionStudiosIE
+from .ooyala import OoyalaIE
+from .panopto import PanoptoBaseIE
+from .peertube import PeerTubeIE
+from .piksel import PikselIE
+from .pladform import PladformIE
+from .pornhub import PornHubIE
+from .rcs import RCSEmbedsIE
+from .redtube import RedTubeIE
+from .rumble import RumbleEmbedIE
+from .rutube import RutubeIE
+from .rutv import RUTVIE
+from .ruutu import RuutuIE
+from .senategov import SenateISVPIE
+from .simplecast import SimplecastIE
+from .soundcloud import SoundcloudEmbedIE
+from .spankwire import SpankwireIE
+from .sportbox import SportBoxIE
+from .springboardplatform import SpringboardPlatformIE
+from .swipevideo import SwipeVideoIE
+from .svt import SVTIE
+from .teachable import TeachableIE
+from .ted import TedEmbedIE
+from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
+from .threeqsdn import ThreeQSDNIE
+from .tnaflix import TNAFlixNetworkEmbedIE
+from .tube8 import Tube8IE
+from .tunein import TuneInBaseIE
+from .tvc import TVCIE
+from .tvopengr import TVOpenGrEmbedIE
+from .tvp import TVPEmbedIE
+from .twentymin import TwentyMinutenIE
+from .udn import UDNEmbedIE
+from .ustream import UstreamIE
+from .vbox7 import Vbox7IE
+from .vice import ViceIE
+from .videa import VideaIE
+from .videomore import VideomoreIE
+from .videopress import VideoPressIE
+from .viewlift import ViewLiftEmbedIE
+from .vimeo import VHXEmbedIE, VimeoIE
+from .viqeo import ViqeoIE
+from .vk import VKIE
+from .vshare import VShareIE
+from .vzaar import VzaarIE
+from .washingtonpost import WashingtonPostIE
+from .webcaster import WebcasterFeedIE
+from .wimtv import WimTVIE
+from .wistia import WistiaIE
+from .xfileshare import XFileShareIE
+from .xhamster import XHamsterEmbedIE
+from .yapfiles import YapFilesIE
+from .youporn import YouPornIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
+from .zype import ZypeIE
 from ..compat import (
     compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_parse_qs,
     compat_str,
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
     compat_urlparse,
-    compat_xml_parse_error,
-    compat_parse_qs,
 )
 from ..utils import (
+    KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
+    ExtractorError,
+    HEADRequest,
+    UnsupportedError,
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
-    HEADRequest,
     int_or_none,
     is_html,
     js_to_json,
-    KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     merge_dicts,
     mimetype2ext,
     orderedSet,
@@ -38,121 +134,11 @@
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
-    UnsupportedError,
     url_or_none,
     xpath_attr,
     xpath_text,
     xpath_with_ns,
 )
-from .commonprotocols import RtmpIE
-from .brightcove import (
-    BrightcoveLegacyIE,
-    BrightcoveNewIE,
-)
-from .nexx import (
-    NexxIE,
-    NexxEmbedIE,
-)
-from .nbc import NBCSportsVPlayerIE
-from .ooyala import OoyalaIE
-from .rutv import RUTVIE
-from .tvc import TVCIE
-from .sportbox import SportBoxIE
-from .myvi import MyviIE
-from .condenast import CondeNastIE
-from .udn import UDNEmbedIE
-from .senategov import SenateISVPIE
-from .svt import SVTIE
-from .pornhub import PornHubIE
-from .xhamster import XHamsterEmbedIE
-from .tnaflix import TNAFlixNetworkEmbedIE
-from .drtuber import DrTuberIE
-from .redtube import RedTubeIE
-from .tube8 import Tube8IE
-from .mofosex import MofosexEmbedIE
-from .spankwire import SpankwireIE
-from .youporn import YouPornIE
-from .vimeo import (
-    VimeoIE,
-    VHXEmbedIE,
-)
-from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
-from .dailymail import DailyMailIE
-from .onionstudios import OnionStudiosIE
-from .viewlift import ViewLiftEmbedIE
-from .mtv import MTVServicesEmbeddedIE
-from .pladform import PladformIE
-from .videomore import VideomoreIE
-from .webcaster import WebcasterFeedIE
-from .googledrive import GoogleDriveIE
-from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
-from .digiteka import DigitekaIE
-from .arkena import ArkenaIE
-from .instagram import InstagramIE
-from .threeqsdn import ThreeQSDNIE
-from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
-from .kaltura import KalturaIE
-from .eagleplatform import EaglePlatformIE
-from .facebook import FacebookIE
-from .soundcloud import SoundcloudEmbedIE
-from .tunein import TuneInBaseIE
-from .vbox7 import Vbox7IE
-from .dbtv import DBTVIE
-from .piksel import PikselIE
-from .videa import VideaIE
-from .twentymin import TwentyMinutenIE
-from .ustream import UstreamIE
-from .arte import ArteTVEmbedIE
-from .videopress import VideoPressIE
-from .rutube import RutubeIE
-from .glomex import GlomexEmbedIE
-from .megatvcom import MegaTVComEmbedIE
-from .ant1newsgr import Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE
-from .limelight import LimelightBaseIE
-from .anvato import AnvatoIE
-from .washingtonpost import WashingtonPostIE
-from .wistia import WistiaIE
-from .mediaset import MediasetIE
-from .joj import JojIE
-from .megaphone import MegaphoneIE
-from .vzaar import VzaarIE
-from .channel9 import Channel9IE
-from .vshare import VShareIE
-from .mediasite import MediasiteIE
-from .springboardplatform import SpringboardPlatformIE
-from .ted import TedEmbedIE
-from .yapfiles import YapFilesIE
-from .vice import ViceIE
-from .xfileshare import XFileShareIE
-from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
-from .peertube import PeerTubeIE
-from .teachable import TeachableIE
-from .indavideo import IndavideoEmbedIE
-from .apa import APAIE
-from .foxnews import FoxNewsIE
-from .viqeo import ViqeoIE
-from .expressen import ExpressenIE
-from .zype import ZypeIE
-from .odnoklassniki import OdnoklassnikiIE
-from .vk import VKIE
-from .kinja import KinjaEmbedIE
-from .gedidigital import GediDigitalIE
-from .rcs import RCSEmbedsIE
-from .bitchute import BitChuteIE
-from .rumble import RumbleEmbedIE
-from .arcpublishing import ArcPublishingIE
-from .medialaan import MedialaanIE
-from .simplecast import SimplecastIE
-from .wimtv import WimTVIE
-from .tvopengr import TVOpenGrEmbedIE
-from .ertgr import ERTWebtvEmbedIE
-from .tvp import TVPEmbedIE
-from .swipevideo import SwipeVideoIE
-from .blogger import BloggerIE
-from .mainstreaming import MainStreamingIE
-from .gfycat import GfycatIE
-from .panopto import PanoptoBaseIE
-from .ruutu import RuutuIE
 
 
 class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -2678,7 +2664,7 @@ def _extract_camtasia(self, url, video_id, webpage):
 
             entries.append({
                 'id': os.path.splitext(url_n.text.rpartition('/')[2])[0],
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (title, n.tag),
+                'title': f'{title} - {n.tag}',
                 'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, url_n.text),
                 'duration': float_or_none(n.find('./duration').text),
             })
@@ -2700,7 +2686,7 @@ def _kvs_getrealurl(self, video_url, license_code):
 
         for o in range(len(newmagic) - 1, -1, -1):
             new = ''
-            l = (o + sum([int(n) for n in license[o:]])) % 32
+            l = (o + sum(int(n) for n in license[o:])) % 32
 
             for i in range(0, len(newmagic)):
                 if i == o:
@@ -2929,7 +2915,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         try:
             try:
                 doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage)
-            except compat_xml_parse_error:
+            except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
                 doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage.encode('utf-8'))
             if doc.tag == 'rss':
                 self.report_detected('RSS feed')
@@ -2964,7 +2950,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self.report_detected('F4M manifest')
                 self._sort_formats(info_dict['formats'])
                 return info_dict
-        except compat_xml_parse_error:
+        except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
             pass
 
         # Is it a Camtasia project?
@@ -3879,7 +3865,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 for num, entry in enumerate(entries, start=1):
                     entry.update({
-                        'id': '%s-%s' % (video_id, num),
+                        'id': f'{video_id}-{num}',
                         'title': '%s (%d)' % (video_title, num),
                     })
             for entry in entries:
@@ -4122,9 +4108,6 @@ def filter_video(urls):
                 # Look also in Refresh HTTP header
                 refresh_header = head_response.headers.get('Refresh')
                 if refresh_header:
-                    # In python 2 response HTTP headers are bytestrings
-                    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(refresh_header, str):
-                        refresh_header = refresh_header.decode('iso-8859-1')
                     found = re.search(REDIRECT_REGEX, refresh_header)
             if found:
                 new_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(found.group(1)))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
index 327a4d0b88824aa5f23858fde7200d90110dbda8..9bd6200b6770a98d7e8472042ebdc01422bcf6fe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     bool_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gfycat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gfycat.py
index 2ad03e2b2544e9cefc15be9580a987697a8d8617..7373c574ff466c845c131a608efbc8b082bbf3cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gfycat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gfycat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
index 1920923fc177b9d5e431902ac8fb9902f7f67ecb..5d6b208aad45ba88947ef49d9726a8e4a04641f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/giga.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/giga.py
index 5a9992a278580478655ebe7856d8183b2a56e58d..9e835a6da6040bcd22dc08160b455ef528f0045a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/giga.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/giga.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
index 412178492fe1062ac83c554617034b6df61cbabd..c5bc86bb4a4a369901afffaf6806ffd993ddb06f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
index 12af859be331a74320f08d2c4e5eb372f93a2c25..2bffb26dc29a275c877b1de20d500bc28bc6aa88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
index f6aaae1e9e757c064f85c175961bcd9916f3a4ce..8915ebf484b867ec6d39314738b5425075f1c2b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
index d9ef4338fc1a2eedcab8e4d7bd84f5d988dd3755..85ffa4c0524f7237903da1182ab5ee0d88bc4125 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
index f92e16600ea6893681f92f6ee5494164e4557303..07d13d1c33dfe8fe73d0b7cfda3cce9bb8a24738 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
index 96e68b4d2015ae80f3f0d63ea6a14ffef6798f6b..697540155a3e26bcbcbd8bed5cbcaa5f3124d047 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
index 858bac52c3a2810a5809b1c2f7c134d73522fd49..b491b46a55eae1d1dc62abd4bda2d797c7d65ffa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
index 47a068e742bc0b1a8ae92f55da4834ea628005ae..8416b5aa470aeefea0bfc5341faca797fcfaa805 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
index 7b5bf280ff05477753ba7d151ee566594f7150b8..c0905f86ae8a1d1d06bfdc228c2a646374debc56 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
index 25631e2134fb3c50e3d9c16f0f4a954f21bd6792..8b2351ba885b4fa768be262785ec911bd9be8a2a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlesearch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlesearch.py
index 4b8b1bcbb81d07482e3dcab93d93882d264bed6e..67ca0e5e0fcf02a6b6947c28f5d3b02c61fd22fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlesearch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlesearch.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
index 10cc1aec1db3b25d14d3285861161e58c018c16e..14d6b21879e85153e24eefe959d63edb31c44c9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
index 377981d3e41ca76c29daeecbb5045928dff87a43..9a1f32b7e32672cf7f0779463726be6e61530b80 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_parse_qs,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
index 6aa96106a6f4fbed5f829bbe5a2a9d0ec010d12a..112293bef56c46a7ec238dacf85905690703b07e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
index 73dc62c494e4a69f5499841164dce0c90aaa3656..2d13bf4915ee0957ee7ace664e38599cc808de07 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
index c9f1dd256630411fcbfbb4cbd4d7ca83f1a1f4e3..52bbf3bc73fa9294a5a9ab76fb73e65c3f3f7c83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_strdate
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
index a6da909310a5591fe39a68244142a46fb24ce65d..362d3ff831a15283240ee1ffdc8e8182d8af4c9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
index 68df748f56ae306d37f7e961606e6538de018b53..f546286651543bbc0a2b6cd3d9ddfaf40aef8ac4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
index a3d6a055fecb9bce8469a0330192e2b909bf61db..9aa1325afde5484ba4f12435004aee5d4b61bc99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
index cbe564a3cf96dea94b4ce7b4b35d21e66f79be1d..84e5d3023a504395d047d1836efb54537f852845 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .kaltura import KalturaIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hellporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hellporno.py
index 92d32cdcc8ae367c98796ac99fae0554f471b26c..fd0327228f2c83154662a6edc0716cff967792cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hellporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hellporno.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/helsinki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/helsinki.py
index 575fb332a055465446fc5db9448313ec793d3258..b7c8260553d3f4902f00a7ce9d5fe70e9a75a429 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/helsinki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/helsinki.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hentaistigma.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hentaistigma.py
index 86a93de4d62cd906d5efb03faa9e568792d82392..ca5ffc2aeae7b94681ddfe11e833924d83a6b14a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hentaistigma.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hentaistigma.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hgtv.py
index a4f3325650d491d14e3cf817c8a0892d2b53c975..c40017db185e7b0e5a1963365dd40b1b5cf766e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hgtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
index 46d7d62abfbf37817524395ec3df481463d96398..a6a71d6307860b6864ca1d4363c42033c1bd9888 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
index 56343e98fb6fe33b7d714289c60db47156f48ef2..c428feeded936de94836878d9aca46be7e5b6447 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import parse_duration
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitbox.py
index 0470d0a99c5ee5493efe00d489d7c22c5dd710a8..a7e4424b6d386a38a9fc9906693390e050bbe5c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitbox.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
index fd5dc293573654d206cbd19f26b995c1bcea5832..902af44fabbf0272eb7c9767451e9ebf3ad1d58c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
index 1f3502b902483e09671bc2e27f01632c775ab42a..4c616d1ddc8bc4e89327fb269a9579a1fd4c3507 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
index 4703e1894f08f70057ace62fc1411980ea7728b4..f8570cb861f5f0bfbb934ba8779e40ecaf1f89c6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
index a0ce1f10a10be4a4bdfbbf53413ff2742f31d571..d82e1aead774e0ce756b6c5d455d7ffc3448b225 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/howcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/howcast.py
index 7e36b85ad586984dfb761e4518b23d2b4a074bf7..59cf80f1a4e1bbcad5e63a16944e6fa555bb9a80 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/howcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/howcast.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import parse_iso8601
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/howstuffworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/howstuffworks.py
index cf90ab3c9d976faabed8891fa4c1211853732f24..c49c0899e0b5902dc7f156c3525b7c2a9d444f88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/howstuffworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/howstuffworks.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     find_xpath_attr,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
index e39ded25432f4315839e8beaedd0f5216e488d63..6f7ed9b4bc92a0c5018cd98b63b2cb6024ee2317 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
index 36d60077366afa0461dba624493db768b2e48e30..773ae0c9a7f0b84eafdb1d6e77cc8ced95bcb940 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
index 9144ff8dcc851a4c13bb610229e8c76de702984b..9faf46a5d42d347f90057887a35e5b61c7b4fe44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
index 4ca275dda18e45e18fd628a0c8a5104fd6cfb560..c498fa330c5c025ece8af2341f96cfb750802ec8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
index 54385bafa26e9cc2a4b691222e978f73d1e1b318..7286dbcd71719de7dda101a0d353c9c171a4d6c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
index 821b16e5dcf7bbccd603585b6b7562c9127441d2..938a242962325b01fc4b3a978eb29003bdd94d96 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
index 4e96f22faa372581c930b23f8cd0e619ef4d5c8a..9dd5e41b3e768be355025e66af48217696bc7c1b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import random
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
index 9ca28d632eb2199b770159cfd3d6a60fd2db5db1..54db7b3eb0858be59f3bc286ac22b55edf634dbd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
index cb39f821c6da10bfe22375dd7a1563b4d99c7a36..ffff36cc1ff1f2c7ac4cb03a8fb46f9035bc0e22 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, traverse_obj, unified_strdate
 from ..compat import compat_str
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
index c826eb3bab3d6ca1325152cfc9a8f85855ea0bbf..bfb1e9d64926447fee044657c26b660f7e8ad642 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
index b54c05eeb030f297567f6e98382ff40655470122..2c6a5b6a1d437cdf851f31b259d5ea18c384c683 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
index 96cee2e2fc27f755eb2a76e7b44f404b12c43eee..74cab7dc1d39558102f1a7728e452e3a370a7fd4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import json
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
index ce7b21ab2764fc98cc21a649cf4246fd79b5dde4..5b8bfda96f3dbf7ee861db59afdf61ac9f19acf1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
index dfa4737522efeedf0a93cc62c9e4fe3e0c4ad185..a3bb476154a28bdc159c2c8c927ccfda207e3bb7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
index b3b2683cbb06b872e176b031a1e7c3a31dda4fa4..56038f1ca416db9493fe0684c633ab11465ccae5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
index d5b258a0fcf514d5f7cd19d615fc6aef5d404575..9b3fe9ac14a53ed506ece9975cf08dc728137e74 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .kaltura import KalturaIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
index 4c16243ec1976676391a5e07a3b35e1140a5ec7a..fb041a1821de3be8201bd27af80571c1eff1bf98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
index 347cc515440f0056367023e8b2cf37d97a402cce..abf7d36ef06304797cf1af92a96da577e4dfc93a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
index 970f2c8abf96452672d9c838c44e1276ce949dba..05000e2fb78fbe6c512c11a87d6808aac64bbd4b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 import itertools
 import hashlib
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
index 45e2af69057784c32051cc1d4c67a2127a664594..c8f70785f110d4e2589d0dc76addd936ab20a3cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unified_timestamp
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/internetvideoarchive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/internetvideoarchive.py
index 880918cd793a2e1952b44e22df6e64c74dc7efc8..6a8e30d73df99547196272d404178fea0ed93f31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/internetvideoarchive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/internetvideoarchive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
index 1a20384539a0508ae5ebdf629edbe50979e304e3..5e0b523dcb3a944452247a3e0ff5b2d4efac5c4d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import time
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
index 14877d4055de667a2959cca0f1d9f0d28cbfdbac..b755aab07806b1a15d9421acb4bf5c621b75ea21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
index 64cb4e69afce6d65ce0ce8c6f1b46037c14ad7e7..4ac12603ae8f3fa41d4be66baf3c448003bb74c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
index f1591403f088814837d6a312858b26bed6c5475f..26d77a46956d213cc5169863da85afee7a8e86c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
index 5f8a046e080fd1d87d2eee27abf53457f50de2f8..69974694383efa3309f3a50076c963dab7f569d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
index 44b2208468046d9d538b578f9e7fa5919dcb5d25..538a961b70650846f615c7d3a75f402fa01c2aa3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
index 566d66e8d0cccf9a4acefb98483092edfe99c474..5bcdc6a4a09690e9da51ed344f82e7ab5bc79b1d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import re
 import itertools
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
index f8fca6c8f47c9978e78d1c2c76d0dcb84a8d7f9d..6520ecf6d14865dd9544b0531af1145d95e9f726 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py
index b294aee704fe083ee8815602e8483316959049b6..6840654cc30ad2979654e2de33581b37c41b7cec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
index 755d9703bdac51aace92c2f10b21241235604e06..5dc2c25e6a81a6188096a5dda6d4c0dc873acca4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import random
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jeuxvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jeuxvideo.py
index 77c0f520cae769347fab7400bea57f3349048aa0..56ea15cf95483c2859e51be34d4c66f406939010 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jeuxvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jeuxvideo.py
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
index 7350f537c6c9432f15cc0067388946de417835d6..a01411be1003463129c75228fd218e716bb7182f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
index 4b7dfc52649f5984381a365d2863217fae4e2c6b..245fe73d4abfde00c72d743dc096b38b26304614 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
index 5aa508bf9871b8755dd2ab55ba120726884a0c0a..8dbbb292605e63f5fd883086284ea2a2b2071b65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
index 483ab712866edb65dd94a60ad300cea9e938b161..8ad1d9efd8d9da0598efda2214c81e8416b0fa82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
index f6dfc9caae268fac64b788379ac30ee54fa32f69..f9b9c5c78c1484046ba22dfb348009ebf129db7a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import base64
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kanalplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kanalplay.py
index 5e24f7e216e0176ec328ece0806c643d56a8c892..ef74014c0c45ea83bcbedfbed805a0ba6ce26d45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kanalplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kanalplay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
index bfccf89b0fda0be1100764290681a53e022947e0..381dc00ad72c6b9627bea7380f15672582854a81 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/karrierevideos.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/karrierevideos.py
index 7b291e0a059ece063b0c94d3c8fb485be7c4818d..28d4841aa3e15c87d139eb31f81de320aea32d0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/karrierevideos.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/karrierevideos.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/keezmovies.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/keezmovies.py
index 06dbcbb402e31eb87a68716d7a0e395cf00d33db..79f9c7fa78eccab1980f00f0deaef31872767e2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/keezmovies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/keezmovies.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
index 20c26cf4822e450621bdddde9f4c26c4cf80f894..dea056c1276321506fa087bff003ae916716e554 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ketnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ketnet.py
index e0599d02fabf30c12a939064d063e8e7f4ba83f8..ab6276727ad04b6cb7232cbbb00ce1f14945a76d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ketnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ketnet.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .canvas import CanvasIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/khanacademy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/khanacademy.py
index 87e520378b264beac046af3c12f844d2ff843df2..83cfeadba74f4849b546d8d5e1e8a86e692bdf1c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/khanacademy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/khanacademy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kickstarter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kickstarter.py
index d4da8f48462f61358c649537cb1a41d47d9e82b1..c0d851d9615a69d04ed9f4d375975c1849c14da9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kickstarter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kickstarter.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import smuggle_url
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
index 1be8b480914f8265adeac5eb25c2aa2863fd17c6..c00abfbc11ca2da4adcafc7da5a8892fd1da414e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinopoisk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinopoisk.py
index cdbb642e238835d43a57d4fd66e510d5c07ee689..84a2489a31425e960fd1b482a3a58635d1b7caee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinopoisk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinopoisk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/konserthusetplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/konserthusetplay.py
index dd42bb2f27b756e3d7050fdf68429e2607db6fc2..1e177c36372a7caa9aab93497fb0133710411809 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/konserthusetplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/konserthusetplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
index 088db1cb018658704170df199146a983dfffbed9..892d355badb924dae08412bb6a74d81dff70316e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/krasview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/krasview.py
index d27d052ff0c11937a910aa689f6583ea5a3c8148..4323aa42923639074b113d57789d527af42bb5e4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/krasview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/krasview.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
index a574408e55b6a5ee251d94ca1d0346b9e34ac0b8..31b4ea0c609925380880b0a145f0bb1bb3baa318 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kusi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kusi.py
index 707fe182137ae3dea471ae6ca9ca776604c113bd..f1221ef1be0041b4ee720aec49130432800b83b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kusi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kusi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
index 460a4252f4e6a887973c5d3034dca729559f2f8a..0c9518e66144659620b92f92e3d9992583caf9d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
index de985e4508e5e902ca8152a0d5fed023083dd700..5d52decdba2b9fd19853bcee85de1e3be68d442e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/laola1tv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/laola1tv.py
index b5d27c2f0758c627b35b6e8150503385ca63115c..4014a9256fa7bb871ddac1b15888fef4361fcf2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/laola1tv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/laola1tv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lastfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lastfm.py
index 5215717e8db4865f43483da30f7fadc659b0a15f..7ba666d0644e0c45f06dbbc3b92042bae7e8ad3c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lastfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lastfm.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
index 5d5457c53234f03dbe98f07c88dd1febdd483739..953ce2e184068528a29fcbfcd850dc8d54af08f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
index 920872f5c428ad61a0b16b0fc384ecd022389432..81cf88b6c7a3b202b8da7e3477e51ef67a197a1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
index ade27a99e0b913d9104dfd4f2e3aa0c7718ca533..87543d56f80cad189fe2a5d815c963314dfa8b00 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .arkena import ArkenaIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
index 81b5d41be4a676e55c795fe233591913e7a691c8..bee4e7587bb96df5157a6b1e8bafeb794f2e2071 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
index 0ee1eeb4d309800de8ebfe3b1ac341cbc6d544eb..c3d0cb193bc7969bba2dda1d0e1a47a12312b33d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
index d5e11423ca1855c8e24426a8c26a14dce3af53c7..258e396cbd8e777082a705a31d89e5a13ffc94fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import hashlib
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
index 901f43bcf3e60d9df077c968964919b999309637..7d0238a1f1e34410482c608fb312b5bffabd30d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lemonde.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lemonde.py
index 3306892e8de1d9f83e7fc2ea51a3d248a39edfb6..c916791af5fd10f6fee469bbbf3ba80618d7b032 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lemonde.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lemonde.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
index 2ebd4e5778d9f1e6ea2bc4db82ec9c54b505c1ad..10aac984e4e3be595927a9ba7ef236a506843411 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
index 03f2051444d63bb046b6b5943cc5400085c6d8d3..afe3c98a1186db09e6192f353418821cea92913b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
index d1fcda4ef8bdc38c7133a42ad893a1b70e21d279..8245a34817ec436c7186cbbabe812bb0efa1ee64 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
index 49a0a59890c3c1a148a645692d8620ce6148ea50..8c7d2064d379a2b642a652b28c3650f8971cb228 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
index b20681ad117d39520df6a0ff8d36cf9e6d4eec83..25667fc0766b29a0cb348c8f54c145864f5f68cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/line.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/line.py
index 987c4343002710e8696806039731d46b94bcbc3d..63b6c002aba69d268607e0a2467268a1687cfe03 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/line.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/line.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
index 0f57bfa06fe00e1cfc2a1680ac76a879af85c5ed..27f1080b44a050cdb913244cfe23aa48ec4b38fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from itertools import zip_longest
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/linuxacademy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/linuxacademy.py
index 6aff88e13f2ed418fafe0395bea8d88a5818b0b9..bf22855a98f585fe7c0e5e8fce7c7e58529c2dd7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/linuxacademy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/linuxacademy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import random
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
index 16b475a4419aedfd68ae3532fc73960b1ba1e8f3..31826ac99e840924fec342ecc1068654b78110dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
index 3a9f4553f4649e41be1058add1b293ae074ccbb2..96bd8b2335dfb6d7aa74d0d0113106697b47a5a7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
index 45bf26d26cab1b4a80dd6e19abd5e7c39daa14a3..4b90c22c56646588c8cbe8ed12bdc5d382b22a46 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import itertools
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
index bd2dffac0cc06916f4d9fc139f86dda04a33dc83..3bb52777f68bad4ade8d7a3effbb6b86a7436cdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/localnews8.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/localnews8.py
index c3e9d10fae7a47c05110530b3614fb72886cbd56..6f3f02c705cf1267973ce5241b6584b9f101d514 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/localnews8.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/localnews8.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
index ca4b5f37551326d3fb491bf3b152583e815b3f54..ba5a13acd813f7be9f2d4a1877ec769d2f0fac5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .nuevo import NuevoBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
index 4024aef73afc351d40bd43e9f4e490e04aa6bc39..53076b839fa46d888b5b1832051f99d6e1335c75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
index ce304743fbd08cf4c973c17997a60bc75cd989ae..1ae7f9d4febe3f5bb4ba8c5dbf1dca541d8fa4a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/m6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/m6.py
index 9806875e8d87f2a75e7689fbe0e0fabd6d7eeafe..9dcc60164290d15373e82efc1350f7b742e91594 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/m6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/m6.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik360.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik360.py
index 5c274902f995d2c7f8ee8582e5b6409a9bf5576d..5d0cb3bfb52fa8d3ec82974f0aad614c369133fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik360.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik360.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
index 5d9f80bb31505e82e67c6309075ddbbbe60ba565..5f30d0eaa8a4b45741cf51bfea3544ccf3049be4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
index 0f349a7a386d88dc0075e3e184075cb197a054c6..c144c75928b118ab1420c2b67aa97c7faa682dc3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/malltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/malltv.py
index fadfd93387c03f440fd2f526f34614fda21daab1..bfd6008b3afd87132b09dda73711b6b5170398c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/malltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/malltv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
index 68ce138b3e4818c8179d6883d485284f26cef2a0..a392e9b54290dc2855849bd331974beb9a397ae0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
index d12aa5f600181c95179be065795ccb60ec3da9cc..dc8653f5d590fc9fa95f59b3b217284375e82a26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
index bd24f8853575ff0f7c3521ab68dd132f15859ca7..1f537d26737cf8b3c058eb6057f7e1b74788050c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/maoritv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/maoritv.py
index 0d23fec75e45a5c0c7864b0cb5a35661b1cca5e3..67780eafcc270bab41180b6cc1806034db70907e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/maoritv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/maoritv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
index def960a0c5eea1a41fce7202c7a9012300498ab4..53ed79158f64b9c544c71397c76658b361e5d456 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
index b381d31b48fe3c9388da3196e2c77df4286e09a1..4508e4391abcd28228eef241cad69a3d8e66c249 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/matchtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/matchtv.py
index e003b8d259fbcf8b19bd89ae9bf45bcb7ec8d6f1..94ae20b26fa6342190ed1afa5ea3dc1ef1fb486c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/matchtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/matchtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
index 3ca174c2b9cbc99780479b9a4b9a3ed2a9a26fb6..b44cf809ad17c3ce76ab3c9932442b693ea94493 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
index 59cc30736c18b94bb15ad498a43cbb0210a31575..527b50cb02d7e6488468548a8162b6cfea464b48 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
index b670f0d615b3b4eae38bd1085d8c35361a1b8f36..0f9079b1125f3b7e5fdcfd07cbf71e3fe47cec95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
index 18ff3befae15cbc141bbf4c99e8e0419396713fc..f9a449377ed872d6608da81f57b97a44a091f0d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from ..utils import (
     unified_strdate
 )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
index 788acf7fb2d31b0d12fa91d976d1dade4179ad62..297f8c4b25ab6583e4978d35e97baec355586161 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
index d6b456c5d58026b2130c12a49639458d1866db64..60c454ddadd7d66aca8c18b04b8618e6092cfaf3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
index fbf9223b21d898fe7c1df591f5f8169a0dedb1a9..30464bad0e745880ac2176fdc38704eb20308c70 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medici.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medici.py
index cd910238e8603368cb0d1ce3d5287e3a80c40e51..328ccd2c9b0784d2dc2fcc002a9db47ec4bed1b6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medici.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medici.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     unified_strdate,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/megaphone.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/megaphone.py
index 5bafa6cf443f1df8f5c7c2d87921533ef399b822..0c150ef45c377dab2c68413c6861565649c5bef1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/megaphone.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/megaphone.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
index 0d6793acdbef740527ec93d53c10c1bcce317996..ec481d016caa6cf1abc04bcb1c08aefb55403306 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
index 2445b8b3985fac92ad451d312f4bb105890db0f5..95b6dfe52edc097bb8f597cb00bdb4b87099ffff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
index bd8cf13ab44048257ef52e5f81268ed7cfd5d6d3..0cbc961c42548c833b630582ef7d131346a7afe3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/meta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/meta.py
index cdb46e163b07d432b69a3cb3a32e2e365dbadfcb..7c11e6017eeb145bff661c7ff628cb2c139a41b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/meta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/meta.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .pladform import PladformIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacafe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacafe.py
index 7b2d4a0031fdfc9a56e33d570227750490c610c7..31fec86d2806c067a3094507271ccda24870bfeb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacafe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacafe.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
index 1424288e74c4a12916b1633bbf03e42f7cd34705..543bdffaddd3f44c189c7b09078a071887b183bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgoon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgoon.py
index 184c311bec97ba1e183dba7660e09159ec587d45..c41c513844293a1a57f10504d188b462f1444c77 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgoon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgoon.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
index 4ac70ea57589fbdcae900d7d67d60587aac28546..96f3fb98256c50eef38637e03e030b529acb523b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import time
 import uuid
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/miaopai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/miaopai.py
index cf0610bdf42612330766497c4e1ecdd39bf0650e..329ce365825ec01bf8fdef2d20cd60902dff3488 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/miaopai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/miaopai.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
index 4d5a9df1ff73d9ecbafa05d1ac4380b89ae573a4..2dde82a752b98c61c6c69aad57798a87acad0d5b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from base64 import b64decode
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
index 46abd2a6d0eea776b819fd3c738dbb1d8870695c..f15f00ee57630710b155231fe379c9cd278ccd8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_xpath,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -70,9 +65,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
 
-        for sources in settings.findall(compat_xpath('.//MediaSources')):
+        for sources in settings.findall('.//MediaSources'):
             sources_type = sources.get('videoType')
-            for source in sources.findall(compat_xpath('./MediaSource')):
+            for source in sources.findall('./MediaSource'):
                 video_url = source.text
                 if not video_url or not video_url.startswith('http'):
                     continue
@@ -101,7 +96,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._sort_formats(formats)
 
         subtitles = {}
-        for source in settings.findall(compat_xpath('.//MarkerResourceSource')):
+        for source in settings.findall('.//MarkerResourceSource'):
             subtitle_url = source.text
             if not subtitle_url:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
index 5f2df29c6f8dacee69e3157174d166b4145f8354..c7a61dfa0a1be1977041db26628e26e833d1e765 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import json
+import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -11,7 +9,6 @@
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     OnDemandPagedList,
-    random_uuidv4,
     traverse_obj,
 )
 
@@ -21,7 +18,7 @@ class MildomBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, query=None, note='Downloading JSON metadata', body=None):
         if not self._GUEST_ID:
-            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{random_uuidv4()}'
+            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{str(uuid.uuid4())}'
 
         content = self._download_json(
             url, video_id, note=note, data=json.dumps(body).encode() if body else None,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
index 9da07207bab71f7b8aafd7ebffeca6beeb38c95d..393d20604b6ee7db5fbe8c989867cc84f0e02608 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ministrygrid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ministrygrid.py
index 8ad9239c50519b15bb4f4db3f41bde9d199759ac..053c6726c339f1a9958ffb5509f9233f7193da31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ministrygrid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ministrygrid.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
index 603ce940ba547687e5c73cc380280cdc3927c455..e799cd3bcc893e61d4240d84df08ad0fa2a4af3a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/miomio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/miomio.py
index 40f72d66f25eb33d2fdb75c8a03e37d873b26afe..a0a041ea54c1cd461a7135f0d9fef6b3ccf17d3e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/miomio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/miomio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
index 2111de615a4c7fdc0c3890b82175249fe798eee7..8192f2b4674f030503eb18395603e3bc06bd6e88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
index 60e4569785ddfac9d92292a516059f0ed5cc9df2..38cc0c2741e8ac32af627f0c292516ff05a1a91a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py
index b5937233b90bf53dfcf051198c564cafa9ae1845..12b2b2432dcb5058b52c10d493f155a78ef566d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .telecinco import TelecincoIE
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
index 31f450dfa0ad9065bf5e89fe8548a0a2dfa6ea29..3f430a71764c585ae7690220f3074e85f6b435b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
index c2dd078ac42f0bfd533957170ce7f77d003bdf51..796f268f430c7fc5418df503ec0e5d521618535d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -9,7 +7,6 @@
     compat_ord,
     compat_str,
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_zip
 )
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ def _decrypt_xor_cipher(key, ciphertext):
         """Encrypt/Decrypt XOR cipher. Both ways are possible because it's XOR."""
         return ''.join([
             compat_chr(compat_ord(ch) ^ compat_ord(k))
-            for ch, k in compat_zip(ciphertext, itertools.cycle(key))])
+            for ch, k in zip(ciphertext, itertools.cycle(key))])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
index b69301d9775c641fc59b95e2315d67e8e4f6b2bc..5fb97083a092815504b7f6573d93ca8d92206011 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
index 1d6d4b8040deb274f20a75985ed9795a3ffff116..9383f13581557fdc3c7d27ebf28939c295995d9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mnet.py
index 0e26ca1b302c11f6b9a7707f99928fd904f8c13d..65e3d476a96f99b878bca3c31d5b1ad078cc29d7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mnet.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moevideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moevideo.py
index a3f1b386635cb00ff36ad87d2c6d9467514282cb..fda08cae9122e111e6e5d79498305b4ec59e91fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moevideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moevideo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mofosex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mofosex.py
index 5234cac02632d9cddde53ebb10e2a0d91c4ec508..66a098c9766441e9853fa5202e914f97e91ad93f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mofosex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mofosex.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
index 16d94052bd48582204ad227c08640eb871d360c8..d47ad07421f18e7dc9d687cb2c02f3a12194be08 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/morningstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/morningstar.py
index 71a22a614ce592ba04890ebe4f0362b145cdac2d..e9fcfe3e208976b444d0af145de9a6bd60e8e588 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/morningstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/morningstar.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
index 111c7c5442ba97899ef703d87edf07cca359a371..9e53a8a97d94960347f480b57b75df64e6ed25b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
index c9d1ab64dc36f12940ff6fee6f92524ce4ae3f2e..b292aeb9a1f6c3ea763d18855e173efcedcf0d90 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_urlparse,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/movieclips.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/movieclips.py
index 5453da1acfe19a103d97a026b725b81e86d7859d..4777f440e0121c36f4905065d5336442cfadc60b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/movieclips.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/movieclips.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     smuggle_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
index 4605d34815389b412551c4833ae7d91acca0a159..ca541567a4ee9b8d993a38e70284e1423440f17d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
index 730da4bd700f01eb26eb0b99b7a42dbfa0730a2c..5757322d662a77ac5242909b1f37fc2341b1eee5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
index 4f62d628a24dbf65db894dce2dc24e56fde7403a..cdd8ba4dced11920a9a8336ac16f8bad10a02190 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     unescapeHTML,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
index f34e2102c296d325b80d4234d5f38054a01e67df..6f4935e5132f6c83ceb914b26778204490cdac57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
index be5de0a70ca7122ac74aae4a6aca75cf4dc277db..d161c33c19c97484b0ca5bfe86dbb9a5aa304a6a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_xpath,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     find_xpath_attr,
@@ -167,9 +161,9 @@ def _get_video_info(self, itemdoc, use_hls=True):
                 itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
                 'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:video_title')
         if title_el is None:
-            title_el = itemdoc.find(compat_xpath('.//{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}title'))
+            title_el = itemdoc.find('.//{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}title')
         if title_el is None:
-            title_el = itemdoc.find(compat_xpath('.//title'))
+            title_el = itemdoc.find('.//title')
             if title_el.text is None:
                 title_el = None
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
index a53929e1b4bb21f60f4d3b62de37c463d9bf1c99..b9681d1bd7401fa2173213dcb354a10d35c14d25 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
index 1eb5de66063058a707c81ec7e75096e90e1ed74a..508d512479fc93937f3db210c56909b1a9654f81 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
index 09fadf8d906ca47fd816ac5120d80910468af8d9..289ae5733586fbf0ef57bf8e2acbe2591a6d3ec3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
index 05f722091bc7f951012666e8ad42027f3041e4fb..4d8e74f6b4520ca0a81f593920aca8890c17293b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     date_from_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mwave.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mwave.py
index a67276596f0cf148d2f944a1f1375831a18eca4a..0cbb1673624c9aa57838c5b0005f5f4f485f5279 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mwave.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mwave.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
index 3c2afd838d97309fccfffa0a39fdc13e0cb11030..cdc340a80ffee19680f73c70226571dd9e0a22ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import try_get
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mychannels.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mychannels.py
index d820d4eb8fe74902528cbd403d341bd0a180184d..8a70c1f7b44562c8d2f19837c56ffd65b649fd75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mychannels.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mychannels.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
index 4227d42481406154118ace3e84047485d6c2f3b4..63d36c30a7c018866edce37877e229686343b1b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
index 1775d5f0beeca851f0e7a6b444f2f1111495b2e8..28ac982d66ffcb55026b0109bf9d7a5df913c3d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvi.py
index 75d286365573f050d83b2fe420efe2ea8776d6b8..b31cf4493ace8b9754b2dc0fa39f5f4c9a6cb324 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvideoge.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvideoge.py
index 0a1d7d0cbc46197a96cf62c2503a0504696ef90c..513d4cb773b08e79273220c3e0a61449a0e70491 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvideoge.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvideoge.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvidster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvidster.py
index 2117d302d6493e995a522a2726d312d46e76bda2..c91f294bf064f350a20ddc187932f5628f163f96 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myvidster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myvidster.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
index fdb7f32dbeedb010f11be00359fd0ae76bd6a32d..cc0ff533e789800850705bf604885c41a4d9f794 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
index 072faf6ea333bad1ad02fd67d60d78559aae8628..c83b2acbd848d4d3a87dacdf3e6c723b76760084 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
index ee12e2b47f1c13c119cc80ce3dfe490463bb454d..f22317d5615a3bace47ce1996cab8d0733200353 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .fox import FOXIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
index a6821ba86d466cbdf21e770de4d1031d6b688302..a230d9cdd5a38aa019546e5bc168c6d0d9d48319 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
index 359cc52b7371954d77ec13aa1762be32198427cb..e95c1b795cb67c6799617d9ef0c0571e5c7d691b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
index 109403440a73a5745564c95f062fc39e9f82c0f5..8aab80a0f7c4a68ef05a76d4cfa46551d7fe1f7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import json
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
index 1917254b8d663b0e2e3005e61cc88f0d2a33c540..de0142ccf745b91ba2c56f8fcc29d81311ebd420 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
index bc3eb91606885524bca8dd6f1667f50e33788fd5..fbb033169f7cd44748f5f883f00760ae5fe8b014 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
index 77f253519eaa82714ca0479ccb4ae8cb0f610b34..eccf740aad3910fceab37eaec3ec888610cef63a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nerdcubed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nerdcubed.py
index 9feccc6723395db129b0d79d2ad5035493b12fda..7c801b5d38b45403a50fd64a31bcc1759f62a5c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nerdcubed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nerdcubed.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
index 57b4774b6b8500735b55bfeb4263517b0d34e893..4def7e76bc191f4c523373ddc97a33648edd65c0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from hashlib import md5
 from base64 import b64encode
 from datetime import datetime
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
index 4ad0d8e96c855d718c420c0b023137589638762e..49b29b67cc03d7e14ade6e1a6d32b25e464cbaae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
index 6525a6d8a30589807184cccfa86014c67b71ee46..ba24720e32b96f627d290c0318cfea9a7059c22f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newstube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newstube.py
index 479141ae03e9e22748fb4df70e00775356bd8aaf..20db46057324136b06ace27e0c6210a5caa43e69 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newstube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newstube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import hashlib
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
index cf31641004f009e67aed761028a2b5259f4f9902..9fde6c079024abcfc9aee9c21e12bdac03dcf69e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     js_to_json,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
index 7bd1290bf0cab1e97145fcac41495c5f9e534213..1f83089fc9265d4d22e858e24898e23f5ba43319 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
index a521bb6e4968f7b067115d16ca69a411b65e48d7..01376be3da4325c25bcb92a703e6050455560ea6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import random
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
index a12e503de25569f5fd718bc59b1836c46fb41e8d..79c6aaf0cb3e1ff859f8bb0168ae64e201512ed3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
index 802f6caf06648898b7da1ae947946b13320aabe3..e6f98b036ae8e850eb35ce3002d3d00ce7c9c4ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
index 821276a31b5aa67c59f6e85555e6468f69691d78..e5810b34641fbb7fb1e4452eb652d14f6390e33b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
index 0421b1b729e8599e600497f9767e96f79c90540f..cf2ec7b79372cf79dd092dcb38122491826ac186 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
index d3a5e17e940101f6fb2359ebfba915329274fed7..884f9e2aed631940a26a1b6815aabebb573d1a9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
index ba7da760262fad93c5013289cdf61fbe9e6b775a..2a228d8de23b6f59990432ea988b0cda0b5e6ddb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 from ..utils import update_url_query
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
index 5ed8e2808445c92e054c74469233fd81988bfcfb..23bd0fdebf337b03b003935c97e11f0a27a9732c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
+import datetime
 import functools
 import itertools
 import re
 import json
-import datetime
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
index 781842721b0ea4fca332cfa4696557498f5a6dca..462caf46639fc114cae128b5ab3b0d9fb5500638 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
index 14390823bcf8e3d6ecb7738f134f302c25266338..00ca95ea2e610386382900885932014e0f91959a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
index 6043674ba1fb2334506afbb13b3c96978a01df1f..b970f8ccb56e24dd8d65fd92869bbf7790f6e611 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
index ff8f70ba662a11a42df5c827e71ac54025bcb8c9..ed839af25d2e43d50579c194aac3d6a67b0f1685 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
index 8bb709cd7ec76fc315fab62078dd1c8e751ef110..251bf444fa19557c06e3f01d519368682211fafb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/njpwworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/njpwworld.py
index 68c8c8e522102fbb04fab6748d6632923a90c465..e761cf257ca0ed90ab017a276e2c8ed674a7530c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/njpwworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/njpwworld.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
index 4dfdb09d62b3a21dd2b7a81a38643217a6790bbc..35b64530f8d41ab72a71764d286e1a9168670a05 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     js_to_json,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noco.py
index 28af909d52019610d209291ff661f3632b3f7cad..583d399cc7149c7cf250b1c10430f46087ad5bb5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noco.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import time
 import hashlib
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
index ca1424e06a5c77a8ab2af5c2e4fe5b8d98aee1f9..f191be33b7af1cd930b5922eb229666e4ceca04b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .nuevo import NuevoBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
index 2f170bbfe281333e5d7386a8d582ae322a517a31..3e04da67e89e90a9f8e64ef662d8ca8a0ebcc172 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
index b40770d07a6f99b1b60cecd99e0a3666c9267765..acbb74c6eb8fde3101fccc2c591e4585e75b679d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/normalboots.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/normalboots.py
index 61fe571dfea17a3fab3206eb6eea0b7a2cbb979b..07babcd2c54fb19707af86e4197143c078df7cc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/normalboots.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/normalboots.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosvideo.py
index 53c500c351690cf82872f3c724d6a5c60a6b5f93..b6d3ea40c15374b287e269b5deca7162030645a6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosvideo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
index 00a64f88d1e81c8b9e5038a922d54c42f0927f2b..6875d26ba51e756c8a82bee980fba8fbbbe516a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
index bfb2c875116bf875751640a73bf0252f83992e6e..4f1a8465183c58f90ea7f8c8a4a798b736f3b009 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_duration, parse_iso8601
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
index b2c715f413015680a31bfdb6b1e0c87a71ebd143..fc9043bceb752d7c9a4610e7bba8a34eead8dbcc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import (
     BrightcoveLegacyIE,
     BrightcoveNewIE,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
index ccafd77232b5f1e69f61dd5a99e904c7775a51a7..b42a56f7e31d752db5a214a13dede141dff3f868 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_xpath,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     find_xpath_attr,
     xpath_text,
     update_url_query,
 )
+from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class NozIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -50,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         duration = int_or_none(xpath_text(
             doc, './/article/movie/file/duration'))
         formats = []
-        for qnode in doc.findall(compat_xpath('.//article/movie/file/qualities/qual')):
+        for qnode in doc.findall('.//article/movie/file/qualities/qual'):
             http_url_ele = find_xpath_attr(
                 qnode, './html_urls/video_url', 'format', 'video/mp4')
             http_url = http_url_ele.text if http_url_ele is not None else None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
index a8aaef6f16f739c97df0091d8749a77561273239..0b5f32c2e86197200942282f56c4ba324873bd59 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
index 49f062d7ab1394c63d8d40686ce692819694f3e0..6d93f154c0fd7e44f2e36c169d975ad67847dd7b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
index 0cf26d5981f329ea82d0db5c1d9617f7129b44bb..553c5513299b77651cad5cd805db0852b4ff903e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import random
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrl.py
index 0bd5086ae2f61a2f6ddd4858825aeaa48275d0a7..798d03417b51bb39597f0225b0e4920ec6e62263 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrl.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
index c9af91188b6a6ed6b6762147ce33f6dafa17fb5c..422ec6eb02bee91987fe9ec87d695a31c58f2db3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvde.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvde.py
index 035582ee82e263bf6d260888c61d27e35cf4dbb6..d252ced86615dfc155bba31a37796d3592288d38 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvde.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvde.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
index c47d1dfa4d73d6bd31a377150ea92a3dbca75b38..c8df110e80e324fd42cc3af629d4b26779143822 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
index be1e09d3752376c5f64c7563090dbee730d25317..ec54041f123ff9c2e91f27791e50a8e135ffb0bc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
index 84fb97d6a32a468ccdee13942645a5a001f8c4fd..fafcc8f4b33242c26064557b7b35588e55d95bec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
index 99964737d8994103b5c0432d130d76868b425700..f388688c4c4f916775bff69da56c19138006d6c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hmac
 import hashlib
 import base64
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
index e5601b4953f60252f58c3a76cd82a6a34d5cc0ea..7c9efd9226157a81d7aaba1419aed84e920f4856 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzz.py
index 61ee77adbd3f47123d844c3731b8e8132afd1813..ac3b73156e4076e2def68215978b1ed7f1da23ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzz.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odatv.py
index 314527f9857448548dc5ff7909058a02edc60d9b..24ab9394212692db305fcb425658f4137014cae6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odatv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
index 293f1aa603e0f35c464a778096d1c9b56559c5cb..36a7f5f4e7a70d5780cb5654299e87760b8c5f2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
index 276567436bcb64024dfa18908b9b096425a559d0..e0ac8563a7db7a1c4755adbfe20d1f649a43a913 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
index 784f282c7b10629621cab78db1232994c5488c13..85f17a2f428b6345794b386267dc1e2253c793b6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
index d4d824430f9fdb2f0fee7b0740b34d359c70924c..779becc70026ab54cf8cc133314cb206d5ce6dba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py
index 3e44b78290156e5b068fdc5e72b596dfcb61bedf..460b82d02f13449a3c746425413f5fd11e554c74 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ondemandkorea.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ondemandkorea.py
index e933ea2cc8a1e02657cd8533a8194f70e85ebd20..84687ef4730b0737b246f4c18b78afc74c43b34c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ondemandkorea.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ondemandkorea.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
index 826faadd2efbe8965f4f447c02ec0aa49685b4fd..41815bef1f64f96f397b9d048d75d7db289f4eed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
index 95177a21311c969be2d90455f642a7e93df72f62..ea46d7def674966e529ca6eae08679d9fd07aa97 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
index cf5c39e66b95052bd9d297232fb4fe51a966dcc2..9776b4d975fd451857af5df51e46cc36bda8d19e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ooyala.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ooyala.py
index 20cfa0a8704d4417fb2cdfd02123de3f7d0d2277..77017f08b9fa5fb980265063dfc72f78528a7270 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ooyala.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ooyala.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
index cf8d917176a9f61622abb7efeeb4ff4bbbde6542..c640224dd6d889a07fcf860ce2170243655c9e97 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
index fe4740aaedb19a744ac3e08a4dec3113fda931ac..f2600aaa4e071baf648df92d55fe7d50171bf757 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
@@ -1,22 +1,16 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import os
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-    compat_kwargs,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    Popen,
     check_executable,
     encodeArgument,
-    ExtractorError,
     get_exe_version,
     is_outdated_version,
-    Popen,
 )
 
 
@@ -51,7 +45,7 @@ def cookie_jar_to_list(cookie_jar):
     return [cookie_to_dict(cookie) for cookie in cookie_jar]
 
 
-class PhantomJSwrapper(object):
+class PhantomJSwrapper:
     """PhantomJS wrapper class
 
     This class is experimental.
@@ -137,7 +131,7 @@ def __del__(self):
         for name in self._TMP_FILE_NAMES:
             try:
                 os.remove(self._TMP_FILES[name].name)
-            except (IOError, OSError, KeyError):
+            except (OSError, KeyError):
                 pass
 
     def _save_cookies(self, url):
@@ -158,7 +152,7 @@ def _load_cookies(self):
                 cookie['rest'] = {'httpOnly': None}
             if 'expiry' in cookie:
                 cookie['expire_time'] = cookie['expiry']
-            self.extractor._set_cookie(**compat_kwargs(cookie))
+            self.extractor._set_cookie(**cookie)
 
     def get(self, url, html=None, video_id=None, note=None, note2='Executing JS on webpage', headers={}, jscode='saveAndExit();'):
         """
@@ -218,9 +212,9 @@ def get(self, url, html=None, video_id=None, note=None, note2='Executing JS on w
             f.write(self._TEMPLATE.format(**replaces).encode('utf-8'))
 
         if video_id is None:
-            self.extractor.to_screen('%s' % (note2,))
+            self.extractor.to_screen(f'{note2}')
         else:
-            self.extractor.to_screen('%s: %s' % (video_id, note2))
+            self.extractor.to_screen(f'{video_id}: {note2}')
 
         p = Popen(
             [self.exe, '--ssl-protocol=any', self._TMP_FILES['script'].name],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
index 5eb1cdbad5bc4f397195aa2cd96b5fed23449eba..7546c12fb4e8bf4a03bbd862b79abf41db4adaf0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
index 422d0b3304686983fc2f0c20713a1271b86bad94..09b1214227903229dc30cfb57623a5a432d86195 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
index 0628977a0243dd30a0bf0f76acfc7d4a34ce87e0..56309ffcbb36b88d4129e218e27613546a508659 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
index c5333b08cbd703db402f8a38534268ca3bd3caf0..b1fcbd6a777190b6073cecb36b3e92300dc9f354 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
index 62c52cd6e4826a5aa6c75fb7eda7d648ef621dff..51778d8a205b6d99c26ebd5a3a4a3251d09eee8a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
index d0a62fb17ed073d80a2fde30668f577b49dd9cd9..4b0801c1a01d6032979ea9088f03de88057526c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pandoratv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pandoratv.py
index 6a674c15286ac059190afbfe5f6abc3bd40f4b32..c5abcfb0d4f30a683038e24d9449a6166e3f44ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pandoratv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pandoratv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
index 94a9319ea064b148c08ed3f1be017bf74355d762..7987d77c6e2e1ca23892aa38aa037663e62566a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parliamentliveuk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parliamentliveuk.py
index 974d65482ffdf11bea383e73b0da9a7a86f880e6..38cb0316455148c12710594a5923669c79c45489 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parliamentliveuk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parliamentliveuk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import uuid
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
index c85eaa7dcc804679c410571f1986fb195a6422da..f31ae576cddf16f3d5e60e3f96a31160ebfe69c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
index 963a0d6fb9fc8701270ffc8f4b5997a775283f3c..cce9843d4165f0ed8a61f2eab1e139122c5cfd26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
index e48a2b8e088ae5bc6f7256a1d90b5dc46103b9c8..4e6674e85e38ca0a7ffc71da3fdf3e26b5562ea6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
index 1d777221cc66942ba9593eda4e02e9b7e4d17aa4..d552e09666037a7ddbfd63623206f8939e91eefa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peekvids.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peekvids.py
index 4bf68559a10208657925e739356eee97b07c0cc5..f1c4469d6506e524b55bcb3d8ee8bc1a1cd9f79b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peekvids.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peekvids.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
index 9d6b821784db83c31aeff59aec8b324f019b6f3e..0d3bc18a8469e840fa0d61ec857108241eec3893 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
index 002d33a8805624fbafc852ecc1c5216dcd18048c..821abe496ed9c989b0d23816e7c442b655ca0267 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
index 7d832253fe5e8557a606c6d15da17ef227df8201..8e50ffc7f664dd42fbb2907723effafa2f7aa8e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/people.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/people.py
index 6ca95715eec0a2ac74bd5529d65f9a1e6347211f..c5143c3edd09b6cdac512157dda2de938fe9c6e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/people.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/people.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
index c00d393754cf15eb8d2e5b913e78ef43bead5b21..824495f40d40f0417b9ae7dba84416349134f344 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
index 1a292b8ac4187d48b52d998fd7a479f142ded4a5..fc8591a2ce61c55a102cc841aae47b6e7f50f6dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
index 9f4899c09ccc0e3988b794de4c83780e608411b0..22164caaac5267dd4832ac0b8d92cbf9a90f7550 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
index e3ea0144363d059614e54cc265d1b1f462822ab6..5fa133afeacdb06c4466f35dd72a791183706b1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
index 53aebe2d924628f2b78b4c4a39857b848f359a5b..71e9a4805bfe7baa8faf8f88d6bb0e880b80251a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
index ae160623b819e6405e185a0e22beb6e2269731a6..d8d9c7801094daf01d3db7adbfb5e904541d5aea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
index adf21fda87454a79a847d3fecd6dfc471b130b9d..54999a832cb0d6915b625e827ed51cd34bdec2cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
index 84c3de2f0e76e159705d34c27775a9cc003b5953..14a5408598cc0afe881d389fdb12dbcb7eaf5116 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
index 9f3501f7770fa93fb54fc19ff554e64c6d8da25f..313b5cce0d7a63e456007c3cdef52dbc53c8d75f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
index 80e9cd00ee431bbbc2ed6e2fa33f5852381d7d5e..171f9e4eb071fb76f644954fb1a7c9b92b195447 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
index f0ad0b24a1429caf90fd1f611dc8006b41f1fcee..bfdb8b24e899a90cea22735ad0bddce2a834c8fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
index 99ade85ec89527c4ab684e15b3c7f889dd5cbf20..301f5c83875f1947d34535cb0c86d7259d05db94 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
index 07ac15b540f3c243c2c19e1e9f15595109b9d56a..03b9d6aaae31d714864ed6f11673ea3facdb0e20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
index 17f52e7f410ded95adfe62dd1a682516befd2cba..29d3210ace31572a84719901c4b87c4f4f379084 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playfm.py
index 4298cbe3080266a2827365b42e61e18626ac12b2..e895ba480c8d5cac22a746169708c4ebf95f0c8e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playfm.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playplustv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playplustv.py
index cad2c3a0f4d75f9301476d71623547b3e1c50a97..05dbaf066198c54cdf8d4057d42328050dbf78d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playplustv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playplustv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/plays.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/plays.py
index ddfc6f1486c4b49185bf68b3be3ff9ba9e957633..700dfe40771609b3b456d5275cf23d5cb31b7304 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/plays.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/plays.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playstuff.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playstuff.py
index 5a329957f54a1e2cd7e59178dc0e7a937ad1a340..b424ba18728a6b38d2bb440a3dbd87de08f83109 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playstuff.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playstuff.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
index 30c8a599e7036baede0c350b511c4338626b7835..f7e5ddbe774069cde56a58244c823d9745de541c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_urlparse,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playvid.py
index e1c406b6c27af3559c0bfb94f1e544b46d6341d0..5ffefc934de5ef38c674c579a4b153a290184cd3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playvid.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
index 9c9e597b5a5b11d549e03862412b7eda1aa24ff5..ab7f71493fd01550f447701e568240d10e893e26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
index 2a5e0e4887e63bbf5ff1e93dc669f302415de767..b50152ad8b961fc1af8f1971e513c101822bb6fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import collections
 import json
 import os
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
index 26aff1af5dde9d832ae8a5069f23e4007c0fa0c0..6e8f46fa320b26f7d8c49345bb93375e93185938 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import uuid
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
index 673a3ab9497bdbe0f1b935995a61146d8a7db029..985bfae9dd4b69564a36d92355668316f67c68b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
index 30be0fd33540c41a5594e9514705d7b136844665..9020893bb1d7e602c4f90658c649310f6f45814d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
index c9e2fed12b6237ef1d2a2e631af6d9420783a62c..5c7baadf24c37b61f405ed4c49490071d0726996 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
index 1e3f46c07c141190a46eb96402d2a19d7a818a93..e44d951e6e0b8cab1da3bf69b180c5bf7f0b3240 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from uuid import uuid4
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
index b2b3eb29cf2565c08bbee0dbd44b9e98a74e24a9..514753b64d0df650962f5dd057586355b68a569c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 import math
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
index 5f9d0e720b01a84a2c5730a7f8a4db5596805a03..ed741a07bef57c0777fd5ea787f54c410415f937 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
index 66d2e509404aaea6b1d9e5a12ac6231a0bd40dae..77984626f1bb24548308ca2d658a04a88f383613 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     extract_attributes,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py
index 20eac647a87c10ad405c5dd9394bd6b04d66e7f9..af4a0dc9c71a8fb1caef52e4c63b4d0abb922b01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/porncom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/porncom.py
index 83df22141b711cfe51ce78a6ff1b52d8852dba17..2ebd3fa0968cd6c14c1fa9deb194a8ddb52cfe4a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/porncom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/porncom.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornez.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornez.py
index 713dc008050e45566d0075a51cd918d25d4a934c..df0e44a699e52db4be433fed975dc44e6d4f4616 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornez.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornez.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
index accf45269b2e3d7d6ddc9ba91ea65f6a341f75fc..26536bc65636c1d96e4589d5eaaabb4203363871 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhd.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhd.py
index 9dbd72f1d2497cff445ca16f835a198dd65ad98e..06a44ddd14f78cd0acf43e9c0c283f8117ad7bbc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhd.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhd.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
index 17c8c91007a9958baca20777751f7a2b0bed2fe5..d296ccacb91aa341313817259ac96b80eccf59d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import itertools
 import math
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
index 1b5b9a320dcd31a0f28ad6ed8a20555008072d88..e0960f4c6f16d6b8b85a06543f5b8a253a12806c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
index 18459fc94e4cbe88f7133b49eaf53eb2ead61885..96d2da7c75e3b8e732a88e78bf6cae33e9fe50ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
index 489dc2b25954ed9afcde470e2f4b1e62e3d9e8ea..5104d8a49b196f9a1e2ca61fb3087056606718e1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     str_to_int,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
index bfb2eb71e33a6ff07d1eb28fcf92fccf689fbb8e..26ce74a5905d28541b2bdf3fae662ea73036298e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import remove_start
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
index 9e9867ba5dbd653bac51d94d65d998bf3ba13333..e4aa4bd35c09f4662d627662bdae8ee8296e05d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
index e89bbfd27993f3191abe158c952cf625f7489636..cb5ada1b9ad730c95f823b02af42dde639bcc2bb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from hashlib import sha1
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
index 80561b80a2c91f7aff1a445f895583b30a7c9315..5bb1832702e0e3871dc154a50d81e9aaf90d5c3f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
index ca71665e0fabf958738192b497130ee12d6ad1f6..a5dac1dff563794b13e185f44a94a762987041ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_HTTPError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
index 80091b85f88db2025982d195a54c64e164152881..3c13d1f564e2a6ae7094b7a3e0d33737ea28da80 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .prosiebensat1 import ProSiebenSat1BaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     unified_strdate,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
index 869619723ddec39f08a84a070642f9b2a8bf36e4..7b25166b22e300a79f2c91ff8d322526e52e920b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
index 0106d166ff3c0f29f3016c5767352ed9349997a1..fa2454df455688a9e56bc31420310ad79a038b8a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
index e2202d6036ee97dae443c694dbe18d0298df52a5..b459efceb5b2fbe17febb1a3db422799014a47b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
index f0b6c0c8bb5da5ddc01d2312ff7b4a48b68f0f60..8401410c306808badc8d1da0a8eb3bdf06da2700 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import base64
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiobremen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiobremen.py
index 2c35f9845177b6bda4dd352f207ee2e36efdcb8d..99ba050d0fbfb43c9e525026ff8e6c294a5ff942 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiobremen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiobremen.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
index 4b4445c307a19eaf3eda9d39e6097327031ca6a4..dd6f899a4832d8e675897dd2a5b8fb8511df15b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
index 0382873637b44c194f56b01580fb204c019b942e..befb0b72b46fddc8c4101a889d0029eea4f2ba42 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
index 082238bbc81668db2a002646e57bad6add48199d..8fef54dabfb7085806c94c967cd8c8b25606b38a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
index 3f74f0c01ffd570dcf996d9c004070d80d50731e..6a61188991c2198bc78eef15b463441b38d56649 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
index 2e93e034f72f65b8370267c5927bfa7c580f589d..8f9737ac31f5096898b0ff4cf6f269647ec2f213 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
index 2e1ff36c2f7e49663978c1e70d07fb99cc6221b2..67520172e8b07c6e1463023eb22635c0857d470d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     traverse_obj,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
index 7c72d60c62c1be4d6f55e2d132dca5c6b0c555a6..31199e32e4ba70f573945c5deb80c3676bcfea0b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
index f04d51f7b9c4d8b5fa6978c9f87da87abca8d4a6..e0e3c3eadf198e65dbbfa0fdc5d301e026ebc2f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbmaradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbmaradio.py
index 9642fbbe1ec1ea745bdd02c3d1891b5126532ceb..86c63dbb7f552af1275d2612732df502cace84c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbmaradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbmaradio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
index ace611bc92c9ca89b58863cd1cac0b2b92afd586..abbc167c0fc9f2b7fb0e6e7045ce13181843f8cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
index ac42e58d9c2590bc52fefe2104472d0487492592..0cfecbc9a8301602900b6097373d22acc373aee0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import random
 import time
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
index 0c497856ef5ab2c81f11c6738fe6fac3443415e0..9a2e0d985163351d77a69f00b258830c86b0c495 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
index 756a3666b7dde3db7327e76ac76486f52373b514..2f0e41c5b8dfda90b2a445fb0455582228e44821 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
index 55196b768f4bfed0fe3eb0cb7e032af8fa4587d7..e3712a1d6b1db27a660b6984a20b339d86c43bf2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import functools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
index 7fee54fee418d931e0e7ba520c7d9428eae6e46c..ab7c505dab28fd351675bcf503c92f972d2c121c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/regiotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/regiotv.py
index e250a52f065b27801585d0e17c24fffff7be2741..6114841fb24d912a9268a0bd7cf30dceba31fd15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/regiotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/regiotv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
index 7c8909d95377b38f5e9bbc3a204337f1f8b540a6..ab47ee5525c42c058720e4939d0be0e582262901 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
index d47fb45ca5f7ce73e2905136f579cdaa6937fb32..cd3c20d7ae4b6531724ca0cff69ebe6c8063d1ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
index 9dc482d21634965b3a16be80c08ee3b2952eee6c..1428b7cc9522f0a829005ab7eefcb353dcd30d48 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
index 4cb99c244c34369902d085a60b068c5991d37ad8..06b6c3c2f6a86c8c474a8bb476cff0f8fedb8ee1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     qualities,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rice.py
index cf2bb1b51f57329f5ea95cd78d2bfb863012b04e..9ca47f3d43435a14faa7026d3c10a1da30088baf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rice.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
index 8bfce34169071c0033868a048fcf47668a5e3099..8d29b302bb1cf1f32c52619d9f742baaf6b8060f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveLegacyIE
 from ..compat import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
index cd6904bc935ef4c3a308cee47cff56602a8de691..5f1db0f057c655e4bf0c487c6c6853029ac0b66b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
index 0fd65db4b2e4148baeeb3fa694022abd6ce3ba6c..d7e8ba6207cb88bb707a6c8909e9f54c432a34a8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import itertools
 from datetime import datetime
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
index a55dd4f8b9639b6f2ef01c810bce0499069314ea..011dadfaa2d494fe5004ade4bd37b1b403406d13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
index 14c8e823698174f60890d9c27535e1dce40c9ce6..f133c851be09a7204630a0cca4e1ea8b55cec6d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .internetvideoarchive import InternetVideoArchiveIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
index fccf69401d7cf054a0ac556ac6322a02b5c59836..a8189676f889c4c4e5acbd4b199536068e080767 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtbf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtbf.py
index 4b61fdb17e8804f38414d0a03a1cf358e1466a4a..a300a248246ebdfd086e281ab8bab7c2385657c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtbf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtbf.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
index 1fbc72915ea9b45cfcfe4f17e418a5958d44093c..93faf1b324f95497c94dc899d185bccc43bc09e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
index e29171474577478b5058f1b16ebc72cc9eecbb33..afa0d33cf5f1861f854c86d830e74fe0d6f1243c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
index 9eaa06f25dce87bf67e9533e41b0a3e478cf45eb..ed89554ab04196e20ae9db104bd490e9c5c38a99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
index 68b6044b685bb4f1b8ea95ce16037f707be7bea7..6be9945f7010473c632cec7a6fd77196c6c35aa3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
index c165ade788263df77d0358e25840ecaa6dee5f8b..5928a207aef71b8afdcdc9bae8754d1d05e5bc57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
index 93d51e8ed7aeda590f5ab62a813b9b36c79e8fec..7381d820268529a9dc075a843a347a30c539e98a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
index 865a730243b2df1ee4c1848d2763f746e89f4884..e5ba1a26bd72f03af3981b68f5c3df9275483bbb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .srgssr import SRGSSRIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
index 7a1dc6f326c84a7c21fc97289852a4f2705cd014..e5837e8c8752cb3e5bf89d5bcb74b53a1aed379c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import io
 import sys
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvnh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvnh.py
index 6a00f7007221e40fd06293e9c60d31409641d94c..58af3dda2cf8ce452f61b20d7e0b56e46ff14d5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvnh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvnh.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
index 3ea0f1883cef1c364561be9c2b99ef028cda7d3f..fb06efa4b9387e990fdad9632ef078862679f403 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruhd.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruhd.py
index 3c8053a2617669cc22549f62e386ac988b33d3c6..abaa3f9ea9444a03d1d85a64ac54f37d17242f21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruhd.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruhd.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
index a602a9f335f4dd6db6a5cf2a5459e7323a0715cf..bb113d822d677723f9d9bddff29c5f64f7d5e885 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import re
 
 from ..utils import parse_duration
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
index a0d5f88d972faa06d13fa7fa7c3b151d029ce8ae..50c383d7933e10342f2480b802a193320d7ab4b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
index 2f753b41f2f0acf81bcec0c1d862ccd940126d74..ecfcea9393761f96bb6b3db8fc101d89284e232b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import itertools
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
index 0ea8253fa9deb6c1b1ee95f707467c690301e911..adf78ddb095142b30fa900b40063d42fbca73334 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
index 5a30e336066afe850b6811c201089bf429a18491..f5dadf27862a6a1c22d306299cb630550ed7061c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
index d806ed068da1b10cb1b60e945c4b976141aff937..12499d6ca8c7915fa53eb02c9889fdf52e166325 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
index 7b4571daa7b3b3d86575bac72c6d729780b68960..450a661e9fd0bf61ba7bec694907a3acddc8e63c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
index 621335ca06c285ecba464cf06f321e63a7fe8e15..d2f60e92ffd3f6c92a30a4b5212aab0cc9f7e06d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, try_get
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
index 806c3c354272080d7e1d00493040334bf967edcc..e9f5c227b72ec42c378212b36a10620d7c08c6ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
index df202a3a404387feea32000da9a1d44ffb84ba4d..9a601a01c372b0f8ea3442449090c2470493e047 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/savefrom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/savefrom.py
index 98efdc2a4f8cf294fba8441cfcda914541f401d7..9c9e74b6ddd3b08a921405d872eadae83df16f7d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/savefrom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/savefrom.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os.path
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
index 4090f6385dafdcd4525086db00b3c7833fc1baa3..711524406b6396caae41debe105727284dcf85f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     smuggle_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
index 69a0d01f39c24f9fdcef0d31dd4d9d7a2f082c85..e3dbaab690522647804c8361d96e40889dc2d045 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_parse_qs,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
index 0afdc17158489d328589e2722bcbe6257adc58c0..f2f281f47961c68b2ee01d2d7bc264d465144a81 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     get_element_by_class,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
index 84918b67f40dfd7db20d55819605fedec44cde70..c3cee6e4aa2632e154daedd0109230f9a81436c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import hashlib
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
index 7215cf5d1c89ec24bdea72fd71c91117f48b14b5..d839ffcde8d8f485bac2ec5bbb8e076f752a1a85 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/seeker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/seeker.py
index e5c18c7a555154277109dcf9f099b0ae8d8d5905..65eb16a09d7b98f5f0918e94829de2db80c4adb4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/seeker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/seeker.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
index b295184a198e8bc3af566170ae72b22df9fa40dd..bced143288ed48c44b20e2c507d18e676024afb7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
index 858547b54f6e74f382511ae8c489a0a623f2525e..cf4b93d4543f0023ba5a48a52fd575c548cd7b1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
index 1610ddc2cdd6a4f5a33a1200ac16bf4edc5d5f64..ac030ea41bdfa24f7ef95cf3c5fd648a6784b9a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
index 9867961f07c1097a71d3ab2f460db09407720178..8e95bc230dae66d8d49b6544df1d0e1b066b730e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
index 3df51520b06e8bc2da1b3afa3fee75db4e21be46..000f7e166abc4cb94ea3415fee5bd3a975542c7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
index eef4975cba866d6a59a59830091e93402bca4af8..891bfcfee61a89f337194e0d4b5fa51d5c9abc20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
index ab45d9ce4f9aa38d3c5065f52ebd662b4d6ba958..53ca86b73e0cf0304b436ef64a081e222878def4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import math
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shared.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shared.py
index 93ab2a167697438d6094419ff5b950f2ca7c116b..5bc097b0d81c5188e73a922327c1b630fd599028 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shared.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shared.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_b64decode,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
index 45c12915a3e901515fa836cde89e0886f96f0cdd..c0780abe2eaf49f002c0129ba04a5e8972d6fe50 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt, unpad_pkcs7
 from ..compat import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
index 1aada69ac377bd6536b62ae2c0a6b35a441be548..cd681a0351002b6178db2a8332027ab54545500a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
index 857e9414fa0a788e4a273832b99e04455ae69a0c..ecbb6123b80018e29c9cb99f393550afd5a49bee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
index b62b0c3e5b40884fc9904a0b1991752c5528eba2..d30d57d858355fdbbe060d05627bdb3b8acad28f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     HEADRequest,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
index fd747f59b5d5dac7cc520eb38fb5317b4e43890a..b7b7d7d7fdf713abde046eb1fb5e5aa93145e296 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
index 4ef3749e3aeb9b445a7cb1b6fa1caafd52224b6b..5e8a148b3c971f3e6c4fe94363647f4b34a1575f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, determine_ext, parse_qs, traverse_obj
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
index ad1e62d88f3a9d93239eb661f2cbd0190db13c92..0a8b6cc76946cd3a511bec0f9037eebfb8d4008e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
index ddb43c075eb9f651bca61a959d6076e262886080..438fb60e3eacdab3b756d17a9aa2ecf676cc92e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_parse_qs,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
index 47bbb7632ec0552976159ea51c73423236f63ce2..4292bb2ae5ccd31747f3aabd08bb5a8a4037a54e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
index fffc9aa2277e3a0f35d24c585eec5be1e59d5c17..6264b04bb352e2bf7b0f807284fa7c4f1c6bcb8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
index 8e079ee312d3a9797fdbacdb2b5cce67267bdd5c..43a9c82cf1544c0e860adc66c67618015248ddc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
index 9b3ad0ad49d96dffb3dc8cb59bbe086f339bc4cf..ab9dad0ec6419223aae9ca6287fb99ecf67e5377 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
index df6084647326180064ad7c37f6951cf73702cb74..72ca560579276a9b134a9f5458328b979e9970b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     bool_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
index 661f9e59d0310a6c6def25e20de33a9cbc65e09f..8e6e89c9aac1d55b1040c50d2cf528d864c2f640 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
index 0bb5482554b52bfe6fe5463e6e24ff8a1ae48ca8..6889f1929de7775592d6704ba0fb5d3c992ef10f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
index 3bff5c595e10b6492a1e268ead2e26cab9ebd58c..c3a13595589641abb3397e53611bb8380f889f2a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
index 5b6849fc90ba914ed7032b97018651c27d16d749..17d28478f9c79feb97cf08eb4e689f314a8e9001 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
+import json
 import math
 import random
 import time
@@ -85,21 +83,32 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid username/password; {self._LOGIN_HINT}')
 
         self.report_login()
-        data = '''{"mobileNumber":"%s","channelPartnerID":"MSMIND","country":"IN","timestamp":"%s",
-        "otpSize":6,"loginType":"REGISTERORSIGNIN","isMobileMandatory":true}
-         ''' % (username, datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%MZ"))
         otp_request_json = self._download_json(
             'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/1.6/A/ENG/WEB/IN/HR/CREATEOTP-V2',
-            None, note='Sending OTP', data=data.encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
+            None, note='Sending OTP', headers=self._HEADERS, data=json.dumps({
+                'mobileNumber': username,
+                'channelPartnerID': 'MSMIND',
+                'country': 'IN',
+                'timestamp': datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%MZ'),
+                'otpSize': 6,
+                'loginType': 'REGISTERORSIGNIN',
+                'isMobileMandatory': True,
+            }).encode())
         if otp_request_json['resultCode'] == 'KO':
             raise ExtractorError(otp_request_json['message'], expected=True)
-        otp_code = self._get_tfa_info('OTP')
-        data = '''{"channelPartnerID":"MSMIND","mobileNumber":"%s","country":"IN","otp":"%s",
-        "dmaId":"IN","ageConfirmation":true,"timestamp":"%s","isMobileMandatory":true}
-         ''' % (username, otp_code, datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%MZ"))
+
         otp_verify_json = self._download_json(
             'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/2.0/A/ENG/WEB/IN/HR/CONFIRMOTP-V2',
-            None, note='Verifying OTP', data=data.encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
+            None, note='Verifying OTP', headers=self._HEADERS, data=json.dumps({
+                'channelPartnerID': 'MSMIND',
+                'mobileNumber': username,
+                'country': 'IN',
+                'otp': self._get_tfa_info('OTP'),
+                'dmaId': 'IN',
+                'ageConfirmation': True,
+                'timestamp': datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%MZ'),
+                'isMobileMandatory': True,
+            }).encode())
         if otp_verify_json['resultCode'] == 'KO':
             raise ExtractorError(otp_request_json['message'], expected=True)
         self._HEADERS['authorization'] = otp_verify_json['resultObj']['accessToken']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
index bbc79c2be038b84e62dbf1ca2567c424a13d77ce..6dfa50c602fb8f9406a7887531f5020a5d992409 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 import json
@@ -12,7 +9,6 @@
 )
 from ..compat import (
     compat_HTTPError,
-    compat_kwargs,
     compat_str,
 )
 from ..utils import (
@@ -96,7 +92,7 @@ def _download_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
             query['client_id'] = self._CLIENT_ID
             kwargs['query'] = query
             try:
-                return super()._download_json(*args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+                return super()._download_json(*args, **kwargs)
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError) and e.cause.code in (401, 403):
                     self._store_client_id(None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
index d608eb7a768c00e6965835ef55b8db9d8fdf8945..9e59c7c0e5ca51e1f24cf6ef31e15cfe80631161 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
index 942a52dcf52a22b58966dc25aa246fd359d8d9c5..855f1d6d3a74ce730224d6d1e96d608dfa1c760b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
index 4bc2263f0ce61541efab84fd98a28aafee9e48fb..fc5a492a630c801f3d9ed5bfa8acad03c73b2686 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
index dd849ae13e080bea4d0de856dcd15b048a3954fb..1aa8eaba1daa7313851e8729826811030203524c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankwire.py
index e97c1d23e13f96fce330c976ac2d3ed3634a701f..603f17e9daf2afdf63cdde862afc82d4d4fd9115 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankwire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankwire.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
index 58f2ed3533e6851d570ca7ddec087aa9cb26a734..3701e295a9c58e102fee8ec1f72af3e1d69b64ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegeltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegeltv.py
index 6ccf4c3423a608d39b2bb4bfe1c189a1705cc8da..69942334e46984b59bbac5c0561a7798c12563fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegeltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegeltv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .nexx import NexxIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py
index 5805f3d4454030e0111178876607765321cca912..5c1c78d8fce73e2706f7fabab49d6a0f0b251ce6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
index 35c57d62a71ba763f2fee1915e2a405a0a77556a..f4ac98b6e02a760704a8bcc9caca5a413d99e28d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
index b9017fd2ab67df5f3e1b855eb30047f790b53765..1041cc7d18e6e755ac3bada18a12170b014d414a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
index 15b488ab7f0c7dcc65306b0bf59dd046d81b5889..75074b31007352cfbcef30407d89dda580265797 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
index 826f98cffc7a0fbcac20382a3eaee55be8d9fe8b..3b8dea8f4963bfd044641b5cea2170ffe4819140 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
index 6c7e40ae4d44eb70a84826d7d430c2656bca880f..36a9bd2915477e38a549a243d6cb777483226fd5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
index 49ac1f559cd63e6791d371d2cbe27514511c83af..8e156bf1a189ce5515bc5489140eab04fb0e39ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py
index e243732f2442941e5d7cbc249bb2a7a9e5cd483b..444a6c270ff04c6760d1670429afdb02a3e22920 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
index f9919816d49c65476a99dd2d429533799a82dd13..6dd31298510f6b7e0e86ff45aa65a722a0214264 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
index 359dadaa3cce4540f5abb2fb58a43596379e0c56..3cc39870f9da7097ec22eccb811c37ff8a79db2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .ard import ARDMediathekBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
index 0003075aca29a9ad17ea1ec23aa13c85bda8bc63..be0f4afc12c8a2c79cb7a33d5fc87bf1645917ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
index 411320ede84056abf3bff8ac2853470fa6ed75b3..bb6e8f1ea561c7f3576d4668d026a12c3e9c7390 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
index 4ed0fb592af24afd79cb875eb600bb366984fa8f..ab22fdbc67b918ff208592783a1de776eef39358 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
index 8227825070be16efcca38465c57af507dcd58414..2fd200f87af87b37318f0838e77d20adc0f8e85a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
index e18a59a49ca1f7f53f9da08769c80d1f856ba24d..71619022018da6d54a2a1a7eeaa7c021641e4510 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
index 808129649cb6820244e51a48bbd97602faa9d997..a2935b04bbea3f5e771bec76be8b803422c6f335 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamanity.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamanity.py
index 2e2d5eedf9c833c903cd8c92afdd7e4737efbfe7..f8c37c0dd5368e250bcad5c30a69787c9d058286 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamanity.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamanity.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcloud.py
index b97bb43741b0861ce3cf9e63f1be116687409854..7289809210a75a31b62776b5ecfd18fa81254c86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcloud.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
index 4cb9923e2cb8732c3b3534e2c8e9f58cae1fb086..85fc3a3c32a902959c84c010e9ef57257f002e86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamff.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamff.py
index 6b190bb3b800b93c32dee04d4eeee8d8a7733bcd..93c42942c399f19b64120143a49149d3e7001467 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamff.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamff.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_iso8601
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
index f21681ae784ac4d4e4fd569449f2b80a4d9375f9..a32c8bc37813b215e5275395f561a7e457e27a76 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
index ec08eae551b800a48f216d4faab276ded33a3345..e438dee1117c36183992c0c61f9888fa75c746b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
index 0d4a0ce4c07d2ae141ae2d60f73a07c3313c8d64..a7c7b0649684b8c3f160a767482732aaafdcaa02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
index ba5661d7474613f340a3522f500ee2c5ecadaf4f..618dc4329a971984689700b41357c0f4ee17d29d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
index 59b77bf92f82a1883835d76dd450e211cf7345b7..19498701c646fa31ceee916227cb11e77acd2ccd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
index aa0691f0dfcec02a38a45bb691204e3227c84b00..4a4b5cf7ef44cb96acf9bb2ce116e8a4fdd273aa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
index 8ca62e370c67aca2c21823589e9a32d6b1a38975..e0c436b67ae3368815c6b3a195319aaccf8e95ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/swrmediathek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/swrmediathek.py
index 0f615979e132278c91deef05cc4f0e812c158f3d..deebdd1a4adaadc3a498dc1a8584dfe3d42ac939 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/swrmediathek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/swrmediathek.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
index def7e5a2c719e38fab0ec27d33d5abd920031670..c79d27a0de5cac6efb738d035efb4090ca390091 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from ..utils import (
     update_url_query,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sztvhu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sztvhu.py
index cfad3314642b0412f7fd31995828ee6ba8a6a5b9..1cbc2a3cf50251139d9d4b2455b845f145d9ea5c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sztvhu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sztvhu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
index 6e03d0a7d1b3ff327bf3870615578b9dcf68a849..9b9513f07566499e757a2c5e0bc488447a8f2f2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tass.py
index 6d336da788b8f3b51b3c61d3d0a2215388f0342a..d20dacfc1fb5854b600deb59432b46c08cb7fb7a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tass.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tastytrade.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tastytrade.py
index 7fe96bd5fc64761e26a588bf778d4c848d1aaf37..bb26926e88c411f379c7c78e01a914b76faab330 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tastytrade.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tastytrade.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .ooyala import OoyalaIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
index c7d62ff4e429777af172de69a6923912c746934b..808c6c73d34e876115938c2ab59108c4dbf47fc1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tdslifeway.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tdslifeway.py
index 101c6ee31a97bfa9841aeebffb911f662853d89c..3623a68c8c4415a61f8410d6523ac55ff9d4d3de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tdslifeway.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tdslifeway.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
index 232eaa5216663666b883f81c61f9dd7f22cc9c1a..e480d7610145f912f48cb1cb260825257fd2837b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
index e22f0114cf485eaf641c400157dcaaccb5d4c85a..2bf836abd7f8012a7c1a966e25f2c9ce4370a3e5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachingchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachingchannel.py
index 624cdb3adcaf8644fe2c816970fbe990656968ef..275f6d1f92980fe4e4beac8d7f30931776e74bf1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachingchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachingchannel.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
index 5793b711f6dc1103f7d33b41abb766eabfab1aea..840702ed9e582cbc08615de759d7cc648d421886 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
index 64522ec4ccd4b18047f655906bd55f7abe6554df..dd802db5b74f470f59840583200ae67a0e3cfb6b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/techtalks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/techtalks.py
index 78f07319b64df587444c900c6b1e1cd87d8ee824..d37de360b8d7405dd81781fcaa1c6727cdc1462c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/techtalks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/techtalks.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
index f8a27550e35e8f17d6284b9f64d2a1cc582dd5a7..8e35bc85fe8249e7ff7504de3cc9121ddeca187a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
index c7beee153599fd0bdf3b34791d809a57237fce79..58d343b44936ffb315da7a10cf493897d0d77e65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .dplay import DPlayIE
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telebruxelles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telebruxelles.py
index 9e8c89bd6326b9f4fca4b51ac193db108e8a5dd8..8d87b6ec1faea5923c0848af885de3070667bdf0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telebruxelles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telebruxelles.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
index eecd6a5c9b692e314921754fe5ef002eee940c3f..a9c0755f4881431944f1d3d2f4577880d8f9beeb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
index 2dc0205373a87381663fd655cf5512e8cfcdeaed..bc9a8d60847729eb40557c9df89811d52551daa4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
index ac2d603b6b4b008d254ed69e3d269180304b72ca..7e444c0d092a24c6b4a5d7cbfcbc72b200545599 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
index ebcecf55f84c55871215c14f61d20c0b4015f28e..64954b8f1b5d7ae5dfca025b104f73de6e5ec786 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
index 4bef2fe764c1acf238b4e3cc7393066f1d1f0df8..e89137269a23fa0966d754112d7b50a1025ade77 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
index b9e2ef8cab9a0e3a63bf5a46baf2b70a39afa1cb..a73dd68fba8193a7cf57cc796d9abf5ffa7246ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
index 1207b1a1b8cdcc5fc5b3d1c71b51c54ba1c300e4..550549f056dcf3e053ce838d6369d14c0860191c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
index 58fdecebeec76beaf3f2235547e27c1d32b98ca5..80acaf1906b9700e6fde1a7ba427e3da526c9715 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
index 5c7b54531c4ee99984504711310662e58014bbed..fc47814473063b895a84bff4e509526761d94eea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from datetime import datetime
 import base64
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
index 0bf98ff92bdfb73550f291e660e5dd01a046ec82..dc3b28e169a10d4ccadfa318c2aa51f4caebf311 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
index 44785bc657fc6b8fa2dea522732c7308c0804608..4cf0322b35142fd649bc486015e535e4344af41a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
index 0631cb7aba8a7068a291fb8e67de0d5e04acf482..a24789cb3767e9f4646cc9eec8da4785e6b6fd93 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
index f23b587137a0e471ada57c8a08d2fbaf8ecc9722..a991a4dfd0222300082f6ed54880dac84926032a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
index c2729f12d7691e0898019a606592ac8cbae1a2e7..bf7efc0134da41f8fad6a999b68741dc98d5f89e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import time
 import hmac
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
index c3f11889471b978f9bdbb29014fb7e9e08aca636..293c34c06e162b8f36fa462ab26b567cbea6651b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thesun.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thesun.py
index 15d4a693271f064b183106a77b824e29b878ebcc..ba584828366ceab6ccce15e38c1042a29da6a22d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thesun.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thesun.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theta.py
index 8b6d70a9f683b5a77a3604f97d4c7f154cb9a9af..3ec6b971181a0e4dada0a0c0fb563483978d3776 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theta.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import try_get
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
index 9e506c9e02219e0766285acb2362f2f5d5980218..9e94cd1ea1d2282c55e382e6b77c06a110c2ba98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
index 91e45f2c3def81545454e20e0b5e07617fa54030..9a3d79840aedfd700e8cdf4e6205342853e50a43 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisav.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisav.py
index 6bb00b3abac36da57a4b20a26b5893418db696ec..b1cd57d1f1b4159fbec4ee6cce1235b103de7d0e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisav.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisav.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import remove_end
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisoldhouse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisoldhouse.py
index 8a1d173116a3d255fb40ece26cc41dc806f34eb6..55b6413ae66b7675cd7cd15217ee8b16a2ee4d7b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisoldhouse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisoldhouse.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import HEADRequest
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
index 00a51dccda4f707dbb9fe491b7a1034327f4783a..1c0baf5ed49cf59d8270be8dae5bfe3d99627a0e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
index fe6a9554a95cff8f843f06fe198ac30a9d8a50f0..ce28a37c07a2e0a88de22a32fb23bcaae45ba801 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
index 987b0c43b58ec741fb9d15f307b9f5d053b93440..4ba9935820260df21736f0ba4098c692a2d9acd9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import random
 import string
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tinypic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tinypic.py
index 39056e52e6e53d627504b41cfaded7da9caee49b..216208cbdc93020baa3dd675732d29b143cd26a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tinypic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tinypic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
index aee2273b8250a75e0f58a8ee0df42a0d06790e8f..a8c91f617cbe783966c8b5cade9ca502ab813157 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
index d7617f70842ee3022964ee84817ef30774125f00..6b766f3cc6be0aeb0417b09ae42345d06fd58850 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
index eb873495fc98d372aedd9723c86a2281e9fbbfbc..51a51d84b928b76b0a2caf75c1ab4fea31e5164f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tokentube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tokentube.py
index 579623fed408a545791872cce71d772fac91da81..a30cabb3ce671539c993b2f2eb8172f9ff513d88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tokentube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tokentube.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
index 9b6a40db51bea7010677e5d8ea212d0a1fbea851..72028266362d486555dae3f889796df7fa6ebb31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none, join_nonempty
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
index df13d64c0b06ff5608b5cded6a06ef2c380428f5..1b8fc3acdb4ef9ba73229b77c6b233355099353a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
index 1d5da1040081e7a9c33ae3daa13b914baa594a5c..349c0bded930427568f5b5a456b070f14db1b701 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .radiocanada import RadioCanadaIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
index f705a06c95a7d04645d3ccb50784ff444cc6e934..bc733618614109131e12bdf093f96e4ea14ea660 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
index 514f4793e6e5a57dff8fec071cc8bb98627cfaba..5c4a138c4714b013069f9f980593575d4485a27c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trilulilu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trilulilu.py
index a800449e9448d70a2900578d0afd9933d265730e..fb97be7373975fd6ee879305b73bda3fb1e92a4c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trilulilu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trilulilu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
index 65ea13ddb2e74dc64acc477ced4fb5f27dc5a8ca..3487f3acce76b193125f135bc225a9bdaeb795df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
index fc98303abd756a8457512f8957323fb8d4c90dd4..696343627b71c90f590e02c6a84301834a532bf8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trunews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trunews.py
index cca5b5cebd7c7dedd081156fcb670be3b8bd6027..d5ce86ece659785923a7391d983b12fac33debbe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trunews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trunews.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
index c09ff897c1038dfeb38b0187624170e376de5aee..ea0f2f40e032beb37477ffa90d3b0744771cc8ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
index db93b018252d23bfa66c34b4161c56e1d14c568e..32e80d9d2a9479ce03576843a8401dfe1e12df9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
index 31feb9a701ede4b534e2e0e06f2bf6d52707a9c6..9c8e1ac879de18ec8d16c22d52e25d28623e01a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tudou.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tudou.py
index 7421378a8c771543b3418a7d1f54b40cacb324e1..69774ee384503c14949e7442c8ce5a28e581ddba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tudou.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tudou.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
index 8086f613df3eff9e9250b029899e3b1be9e40d63..5d66151002a4142bcbe9b714f56e8952093b1edf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
index 7e51de89ed6082d35737142e85efb19726b03985..e3d3f2a96bfd4ee5ca196b1ad90e755b0ff6b274 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunepk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunepk.py
index 9d42651ce0199c2e81723284f48167a4b2ece259..2973d15ec530d6c766c925e6d17f90a2192ed35b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunepk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunepk.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/turbo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/turbo.py
index f6bbf2529e811efe6d3dd8f119d743d40eba4163..e3f8941c44d4d24c0347ccb16d13448587944316 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/turbo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/turbo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
index 519dc323cd0e10487454d5d609e8365d72d34db0..568b6de495a95d503774b5cc6c121541b8679e86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
index 977da30feedce9224613b184d48cd4653a10bd28..391baa6c5e41932785cd9c129c5b27d598d7bba9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
index ec5cbdf03537ee7d83ca6b3e94e34bc1aba138be..0af28631261471a1c0e7b44da977543d07491559 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
index f2104358bb02e1178ad3d1665502db912002c279..6ac07716ba912c666ed26540ac0c4fb921e07f4d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     traverse_obj,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
index 4043e63662d49ca4ff84f9bc4af107308348b9d4..e8cdd5c8cb27ac3d2207e5cfe6743b9ed1a8d4ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
index a0832d28f4decee09fa0ecba49afeba33954894d..d449cdc0423da19d6bcd4b22c47180a6559080e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
index 398b85db56b74e325f7a713cc92d6f396afc57fa..978255b1772767426fd3dd8528c2ed42d3999bec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
index 52a4ddf32febc39a710f81dda5951584870e82c0..9afe233284e6365800806740fb815c3c9839126b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
index 1086176a2e9dfbf465464f8502859e306d91d449..b9f5e110eb5412380d4b81d4f65b76e22f1dff27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
index 008f64cc2e6486cf779f482c24d86f03a740d939..4ccc8f5227bada759c22fcbf404393dd07cc46b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
index f23af1f1427c44c80787605688f5e447d6aa0f47..19236f8e82f31a2780b6b199f37bf7d92d6ea0fd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
index aa25ba0dc1a2d8f4950ef7a629c8fd5c397b5069..cc1d35dc239b29872e941addd5cdbc2e9c749d02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py
index 9ebf57f74098404c08f00d353fce579cfc413567..481d5eb19e35e9891e041ab150eb834a47be5517 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
 # TODO: Remove - Reason not used anymore - Service moved to youtube
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
index de0fb506316814c8562de514daddc5f99165cf6f..22b6058231a4ae4296de376b97c2b0d8fe231e38 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnet.py
index aa1e9d9234778cf937c0a8e194903fbb5adad4d7..5820bb4a7b69009b8203d9ca6039337eb69551e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnet.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
index 26a5aeae435111306dda18b4138d8a9529241ea8..712fbb27548432a8e265a85af0eac67e74d41e48 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnow.py
index b31818477e0ab6a56c011bd4ca3c9622e866da51..4aa558d8394b5f8a99da221be689c9c05a6a1775 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnow.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
index a11cdc6b081a98344a140205b0023577ebcb0c1f..aded261f36615e1161181bf98026341782a23633 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
index 48e2c6e764a454491f50a9e991c6bdee968b0c24..69168f6558bde624db53d63439307da3f3c4b0f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import random
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
index b5dbc55262554f6851b9e605d32f8b133db2bd00..f815b5137910ffde50dbca3fea74ba3eefba4d71 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
index 5970596b21e5010f9a9825972d348490dac19bb2..31d70b6b835b991f521ea880f13e296570a61ecd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_HTTPError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
index 2b10d9bcaec909caa303bb33c1621527a3299797..6d1f92bbb4299e0343ec2a616417de48708554ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentyfourvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentyfourvideo.py
index ae19e11e1e5d4e73882c5f2b7e6bb571b7c139aa..baeb85d4730a2198bf07f51490984b1e346f6c59 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentyfourvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentyfourvideo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
index a42977f397e03ab71f70c585e1f3c34113b78eda..616c3c36ed9cb417338fe89af204d6d6332d464c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
index e8cf5a1e96bb3643f98c43df94c4679cd1856c48..290c3761e2d2fb7a6d531b02d160fea87f462251 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
index 7e858929e83330bb99785493331c0c6766aab6bc..3342968890abd09abf9bf738e324d7590d62dad6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
index 10de74c8e41a747dbd521f2f94a075bf892bc913..834350d12ab1f4b5ef9b2ed649229746ecd1bfd4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import collections
 import itertools
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
index 8ccc38e2425259aa5a6f01f7837ba65905d9a7f3..af675033307381e1fbf25f3c931d8ccaaee494c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
index 235f89713c8ecc0d01a92d8c9d873d8ed14a2c48..d35cd0d4310fa3620f084db37008f8e2f73023ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_HTTPError,
-    compat_kwargs,
     compat_str,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
@@ -132,7 +129,7 @@ def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36'
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
         ret = super(UdemyIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
-            *args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+            *args, **kwargs)
         if not ret:
             return ret
         webpage, _ = ret
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
index 2c8e5c7b41eba5220981a215a566fc8fc565320e..4fa74b9e84c87f7f9cf603f197a19c8d0e8b314f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ufctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ufctv.py
index 3d74ba0714e2f71f87e476abab6e9d62c902ee52..2c1c5e0ff15e1b7f58918e0324b35269c57c4c7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ufctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ufctv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .imggaming import ImgGamingBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
index d2626f0d3b2588c3e0dd949969bfa616636d56cb..aade79f20e86e8f124b14cefd5164f53e865488d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from ..utils import (
     unescapeHTML,
     urljoin,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
index f28fd514db66217a99800657ae990829d240d71b..abea07ab56fe07b8c27d50641397198bb6b4f9df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
index c1b65d1897c0052ec4a5f87eedc4099f0f4aeca6..e6ed656b923acab0cf99337b79537cbf29524016 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
index 685d74f358af894e1c03a0752cb28d93fda46c3b..083c87209e1bfb961bffe90bb622819f06d9c618 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
index 73daacf29f276a913e6527f926141bfaee564722..d1b0ecbf38c5d99a6b876dda1e358a3532dd5d6a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
index 1baee0b10c5850cd16247ac6c4ecb93f75414177..e3d9127d8ed6a1c97adbbd0997383b4861f58592 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uplynk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uplynk.py
index 9adb96943e3a7d819bc44a6d424c730df4733d2f..04c96f388ca69a0ff742bc8abacfa66aa339d660 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uplynk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uplynk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
index 020425fc7b5dd4914d9d59a13fdeafb22c9a786f..296799d3861ea827edc12a62c1f84b97f4f524f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
     compat_urllib_parse,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
index eb2ab26e1f064dea86e99ac9c0752e280c63ce3d..30bd3dcbf3965dd54024683ae74131574d2d8254 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/usanetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/usanetwork.py
index d953e460b80a07144a9e46ec44159ec3aebdb08a..d6b58a51c439acc41396042e33e1288a459df963 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/usanetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/usanetwork.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .nbc import NBCIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
index b2103448dfb3f8557f16888d57856923e2db4aaa..3243f3e3bdffdd039166482ed53b7966496b5336 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
index 4a7a8f8798f142838659b2bfb0d1b7519e07d42e..fff21667aa2c08ad6d670f5f2e83a2521eda994d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
index 92509d1bf1ff144fe4340f97bc66e092bfae9dd3..fd5dad0fc03b4af2440e210e14e5a119bec0514e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
index 4986635f24d02717a80a272ee7591f517240b06a..1213ae1bf5f3e1d3a0dc1a1a6218de264660b463 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/varzesh3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/varzesh3.py
index 32655b96de27da69b75875e78bc7f6177e7ae3e1..2c13cbdc0b32518906afe4fdb172b0adeadf3f32 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/varzesh3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/varzesh3.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
index 8152acefd099da43e18bca3e5be579d24dd29062..76c844cb8748f11a4d61981fb9b4d34f289053b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veehd.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veehd.py
index a6dc3c8d894fa7dd148420713bbc330da7341592..5ecd88726a81bafedc41c23e38c20ab85e8ea4b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veehd.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veehd.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
index d87bb5b47a1523a9bdace1781a09d9e62a1c3efb..25d462a7d00517626f3bcfc231b7eceb24f10c3b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
index d9afb5617b40191ce59c9e464164aef76c9feed9..70280ae850ba0bac5a9e5c509f183a6af920932c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
index 002047dbf62dc3d5fec73ac60641e500d98f9c9e..e9731a94152ed9ce9d9cfec655bdc1c9e465e27f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
index 8a0f29259c517c14de9c82cd9386b2c63d5de643..bc018751102700a66fba956539db94bcc5105ba1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
index 9d6090b08e091ff1b190f481bec97780dd7a397c..6564b7b0bd6014bfbd3a99ed15fc4ec0aa33f7ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
index 862c5c7dcd7ce3f652cc49601101cb1eafa82a3e..41b8a460757fd87c98b6fcc8dac72bf5dc53fb91 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
 # TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
index c8c30559e7fe2de4143e5aa1555ed64e45ec22d2..abb4a6fa0bd683edf7368b616132838a6db72660 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import hashlib
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidbit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidbit.py
index 91f45b7cc78d38451591a652a0472f6ba35c0383..2813032db0b969f82a9c30a5482f229974dcb54a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidbit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidbit.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
index ecc48246f49622db46b8a9f0d8d718d65903d2d8..f491b67efd615a1c2338a5de9c479fb8c81d3dff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
index 90d7050921de59ca19c654496284ffabe3bc53a4..251eb78feb790abfeb6ce16c1a3dadd51d602c01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 import string
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
index 96e98573f3a352b6931a5d5177faf2570501dfcc..fe9e061ae2e4842e78e5bfbf76f040a20113df5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videodetective.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videodetective.py
index fe70db713ea51fabe95912e0574a7eaa66bc8b42..7928a41c2153c775971e1b2eecfb71d979b5a19f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videodetective.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videodetective.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .internetvideoarchive import InternetVideoArchiveIE
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
index cd3f50a63b70745b157dfd4d2f67549ead6d0de2..1d1c8f7b7c34a4a838e94c8caec4b31f8212435a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
index 17ef3b1b9ed81f93c86ed893796883a1d4cc252a..09d12d192e3734c66be1d1113d34fec8ec88dedf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
index 6376ff09613f354690cac14759734c1c14fd4f06..3c5e27a9dcfed9a71844c490180e91293492fa8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
index 6bfb8d4429506016abf602e8dd2e6aa28a38c25e..599996bf95dae48235e7d4e2d2510313fac6d507 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
index a63919ff2409f3424be5d5312b3ced8d98f8003d..b9845affd7e33cf6b27a5f7efe51a88c2cf3dc75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidzi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidzi.py
index 42ea4952c381b497b6f01abcb44212339563e0a3..efa9be116eff30d8d172bddcef3933bac3559933 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidzi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidzi.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vier.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vier.py
index 94aa350e78c1c12ec36f53459fc11ab4a700ed52..eab894ab63e1cf6d9ab66f00bbaa560a98588374 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vier.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vier.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import itertools
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
index 4627f66fdf174ca208ec71695901929cf600f169..d081a2f125d61cb97bfac8d6cee7080a92baa62f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
index 0da06818b5b59eaa77308c8d60ec9a91a778ac48..157ce4d8f944972bfd1cbd0612bf9ed25b89ca49 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
index 8a930798d03dbef31f3c33d30036817b1f6680fa..a922b195c91ab91ffc4fad01b7403ae9e6760e72 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
index 972fb480bb017a592c5f72f9b429f3c5c7880b34..b2c92937389168645af7116222988939074c5aed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import functools
 import re
@@ -8,7 +5,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
-    compat_kwargs,
     compat_HTTPError,
     compat_str,
     compat_urlparse,
@@ -109,7 +105,7 @@ def _extract_xsrft_and_vuid(self, webpage):
     def _extract_vimeo_config(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
         vimeo_config = self._search_regex(
             r'vimeo\.config\s*=\s*(?:({.+?})|_extend\([^,]+,\s+({.+?})\));',
-            webpage, 'vimeo config', *args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+            webpage, 'vimeo config', *args, **kwargs)
         if vimeo_config:
             return self._parse_json(vimeo_config, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimm.py
index 060b92ba60ef60964f98a18c6333af362cae4fe9..3522b8e3323d9834661177311f4921fdf7f3d614 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimm.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimple.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimple.py
index c74b437668c62c7ac38d085433532c994ab8fbb7..a8b16dd290a817ebf4aaf60af5f2c92beff2e4a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimple.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimple.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
index e59b1037b0df91fcad50714a74a6e6687af8c493..bbf43a83fc43699020c558be2d033a9bddb2b171 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
index be7dfa814fda5bfc4531e0ba2db3ac65a8442527..d214223e9afac27e252d3404bd7f6e043f533737 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
index ba627ca5b78ab0d102bcfdeb440ea5cf5883d207..63b6fd3a1295e8ea8b4469f67203a8f7838d6ce3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 import uuid
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
index cbc315961e9d70c81846b1817d39e80557450fb7..402508aa3464ecb6d8aaf580e4eb4b448dd968f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import collections
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vlive.py
index ae35c976c22a6d8185bb1ab20799dc6c7e38e4ba..c60801417009f93b3d395bfca3d2e0e5bc83d7d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vlive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodlocker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodlocker.py
index 02c9617d297926b75b62cfdd5a4b33f085a9741a..1c7236ed31b2f999803306f5a6b6886b448c0283 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodlocker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodlocker.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodpl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodpl.py
index 9e919708ed46951bddfd15b93f49af4a99adcfef..8af1572d074f5467b36638e54c444780483d6a8b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodpl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodpl.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .onet import OnetBaseIE
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
index 74d2257e7c059cdb410db69d77c25e1c7e8c9902..2b45dcd866181902b864d20cadd820095ea7114f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import unescapeHTML
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicerepublic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicerepublic.py
index a52e40afa2892a10538251ba40e4d2a44a10a67d..e8cbd0e32c70fff61ec9f2d170132474172d43e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicerepublic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicerepublic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
index 0f42336d5673ce1b8c307ebd8177805df3ae3907..d61d36f5dadc15350cd638cdac408d285037ac36 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py
index a9b66b95c2fc3b62b6af86376d7613face29363b..7ac38a813a578d34e912dca80344ce772ccf5ce3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
index 6612081258ebfce7da3ef2148819774cc5702701..a7bf298aaf753cae853b4658572896fa79b4de00 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .once import OnceIE
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrak.py
index daa247cce45ddb0b2d1a7f388cec0d9e2a568dda..198c0a2942a0ca82a1be65cc82a6a44b81b8b91d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrak.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
index 10dc94abcbaff415b81436f80c4b62cf7a56d940..26f48bf67fb849c617354752ce4856ae34e8dece 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     extract_attributes,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrv.py
index 00e1006c4512c9e52f27c2565b2605319b441404..35662753edd03193e9db8654d166825fe4545087 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import json
 import hashlib
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vshare.py
index b4874ac39048dc78fbecd8b7ddd84a53546e21fe..8ef75d30e3eb7f9772a1a138866394dfd2aae1bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vshare.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vshare.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
index 093f1aa69977a3af99cb18da4040015f3252dfe3..6381fd311f6b1465c4fa24101332b900f23292bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
index 55e087bdb47bff8d01d06e73ff4e9587e7e5eea8..0e562983d018cd83112a07cd491e5b6f9164e427 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vupload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vupload.py
index b561f63f738b3edd3cc62c5bc52bb7f4668513da..23ea70c77eec5725e9b351011e9b728445aaa4ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vupload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vupload.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
index 3faa90fbd622cf7cb6c91d022c3cac275eca97ee..ccc44d08a3404d1e362a8f930eb6e7e885a1dbf9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vyborymos.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vyborymos.py
index 4d93666c54dcebe70267fbf091d7ca048a71657a..3865187951572fa99658bb3c6d3a9eff41087f2a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vyborymos.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vyborymos.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vzaar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vzaar.py
index 54f88bba82ff9141470d5b71eeb5e617fd6697aa..7ce0ba9f56e41189ea0766603c84d0c5e9c5873d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vzaar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vzaar.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wakanim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wakanim.py
index a70a71961a4c3e3b35024ab10f791aa00c30d82d..155008f8cb1faca7c4dc86a7def55271a136f1b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wakanim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wakanim.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
index 00f081bcaad3416e662abe42216837b632e26e79..6b954c5cc24c87158cd283f01aa7f3d5fc1e7870 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wasdtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wasdtv.py
index 38c10dc6211f20ead24dd2a650c5e4d91465d3c8..bf1ad65b233d66cc2fbe1b6bed63205e6ee7705a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wasdtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wasdtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
index 9d6ae2870ccec9b152fa6bf2cc4b3eabe107099b..7274eaa396401d10913374f41540866e4070987d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
index 9ff4523db657d8498ea465ca244a7a3c66727078..2ad664890a6e8d9b0ff2b2d83389762533b20bc2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/watchbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/watchbox.py
index d19d80102ccb80417d083a3073bdebae856e6a99..e41148d4a61db0b5019dd78652a0785f1aca88e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/watchbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/watchbox.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/watchindianporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/watchindianporn.py
index a86819173fa37466a1f578ad7ea34beaea1bd3f3..3ded2d1d4870d9fad24dd5a677cd81def9948d41 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/watchindianporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/watchindianporn.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
index ef58a66c3b8c6cca509b9c1397bfeb8fc6f2aee9..d0ad69477df6efacec8d07245bed62893e500475 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
index a858e992ca7684793a2835b53949252b447bd35e..374fe35cd33d25f1e441a505f9d599ae5e4aeb79 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
index f2b8d19b439d4279e89b872e41b2eeefd421333e..fde9300b0fc97efb94b1ff3a753120d5cab71b21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
index dafa2af3be2ffde613b23687f13f17dc33208967..d5a52ce20e09e31212fab59e6e962eeb468b7f01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 import json
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weiqitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weiqitv.py
index 7e0befd3922b15194fbcf5e142419c1c62ae46c3..c9ff641542ad28ce1957f81c39497f469c50ef06 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weiqitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weiqitv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
index 1c4d9cc3dc8312df5b91b28f5c2ff118f95ba1a5..659eb27bcaf3a810fb50b146416ffa052ac050d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/willow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/willow.py
index 4d3d62f955634f9c834d309435153be67f95acc0..6c71e9a04c837fed0e1fd3ed237700eb454198c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/willow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/willow.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
index ea953bf77620d952992b1eb29d975a05574e54b6..6e7ec3436f8e2b45fe76d9c0089605ef979acd5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
index a170966c36cd66da69e23f73034f8d889dee62aa..8f0e7949b2ff8eda67d022ce9ca3105260579e90 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
index 82587b4ce94c0f1cbaeba0beb88b7dcb02e67e40..c6948a1eb0fc5ae1d427b44e63bdcfd7fdba8138 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
index 3003a0f108a026a4c3332524510946af6985d938..6349e5326b127eb6d20c9416c4b9873063e8a89d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
index 67236f377d2714b517b1f27e687258547c75ac62..8be3645e35816636eaa2e92f1c0ac99aebab2218 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
index bebc77bb544c01717b4d4b2d0281d82b1a390be7..9bbd477c33e3583e9093d1f173eb724b8fb4762f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xbef.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xbef.py
index 4c41e98b27ff1ede17b9d0d803f18f5de3ebafe3..ac69528a3ab39aaf6a35550943b9ca0d949c04b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xbef.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xbef.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
index 9bac982f84abb8b855cccc3e6c81563fa1bcffe0..235b567d991cfc22315c57f1879d1a4677b4ff65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py
index cd97c77dc6cbe13b85104863025a2dafa98af8d1..28b6ecb6ea41855a2953df3c97c68fb4da95fe2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
index 9d4ed47d41ce2aef7066bdc5d97fc4efc05b0d71..ff15d3707689b1d71afccad7b94781de85c02c30 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xiami.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiami.py
index 769aab33164b7bb1c877c468a034d690a3336c82..71b2956a8ecc0f5a22b43d1f9eceb35cb0cf8e41 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xiami.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiami.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import int_or_none
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
index 802d1bb1b4568e89097edb4bba2695f5e8b67d90..c3447fba08d0fa29bf24b1d2f52e064ed0fd113c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
index 9832d23985ef9896bc58feed26765a43e243f232..96e23bb8d0f967e368d2362416d209076143a384 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
index 36e5ead1e690db9bb0c1c1a64650a69c784bbe76..5f113810fdb5992b94082491b63fb6a7a620fab0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import time
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
index 27f99162778078420f3b5744c47e4125cc4b51a9..14beb134754306a603987f737107d589968e7212 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
index 792843df58cee5d740f3f8a0faa61f363cb828d7..42bffb071fcb7489c521786d6e39cbcd91fa8eb1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xtube.py
index abd319188ddcd98e79d4b5685c9a6f89b0e582ba..93a6a3f3353340950cfc395fed7b538875d6f310 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xtube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xuite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xuite.py
index 0276c0dbb26f584c0fc49cf35614f399cc203508..52423a327913524ba2841ab1848445e4038507a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xuite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xuite.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
index d5261b6ab4b2dbc70b352888dbae156b4d330071..50b9394961f691be97a63547c0de49793b2ea96f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
index 0d536015cc814392cedc91dbfa3ddea4c55c3125..e3e3a9fe6374ae6ac8e0a13fd86e02d90384017e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
index 20504de2c0fc813a4d5307ff5db995c109bb28e6..3fe6192bf647b1fda48d22c0c8d96b680f18b536 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import re
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
index c15f3a4f329c43a31b0f5e0e36d4e086b5b77d3a..d87a7f9be96a6943156e9eaaf54a641389ee5d8b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
index a3558cc1262d13dec64a3d0a9c6f33fdc6b92870..8ea416a1d85d71a19e4c32d3ecde9f07043a1960 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
index 7d3966bf1a7435027fb0358e004559d8ac8ad953..37ff514b3a51dacaefa9ef0508509e16d7c3f655 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 import re
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
index cfb368de94eca516af432f52ecf3e31744b9f984..8fabdf81c95fba6e39bd039b4aa348a61414ece3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yesjapan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yesjapan.py
index 681338c96a2c743362773e6ea036a5dc64824326..b45fa8f144f8c8dacf4c8470b8961d8797cebcce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yesjapan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yesjapan.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     HEADRequest,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yinyuetai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yinyuetai.py
index 1fd8d35c637224a8609b23c87db3206a24987a63..b28c393808041f5a06ee1f121b427c2f34a78da4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yinyuetai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yinyuetai.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ynet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ynet.py
index c4ae4d88eb0f64dd24d63c7e882ab49552a962c2..44478594799bdcb6722ebacace4097d1b38f4a2c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ynet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ynet.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 import json
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
index 111623ffe64102b3a4fc7e52bf1574490b15ffbb..cd12be500bec04a9cebf9ad663547c3cc38104c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
index b5057991533f7b5fb9c4f751bf551e857df15449..45856fbbeaeaf7c1eee76e64f0a21bfcadba0b23 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import random
 import re
 import string
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
index 583aea38d924ee60c28d02190ad839686b1dadac..76d89f3cec8f5924198ad8ca619a0b50b1d4c44c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
index 5feb568e72ea1a87f3b891d702a2f9dc4489821a..5aea82295a9c2bda56200487e412dbad9711a1ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py
index 98347491ee00b66d2c2f8df69ddf663c1bffbd84..38f42a991cf764c8c511a6b7d5ebc8c57640c464 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py
index 9fa77283899ceb005b6fed8f4ebcb626d38241ce..def63293aa4254eadfa4f8c7c58670a90ddb324e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import urljoin
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
index fbe672dab7226fe948c436076ab7e22181c9507a..bb8e2ba65b3e06acfc9f45a6ea25a1fd6dd62d9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import calendar
 import copy
 import datetime
@@ -14,9 +10,9 @@
 import random
 import re
 import sys
+import threading
 import time
 import traceback
-import threading
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
@@ -31,12 +27,13 @@
 )
 from ..jsinterp import JSInterpreter
 from ..utils import (
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
     bug_reports_message,
     clean_html,
     datetime_from_str,
     dict_get,
     error_to_compat_str,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
     get_first,
@@ -46,7 +43,6 @@
     js_to_json,
     mimetype2ext,
     network_exceptions,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     orderedSet,
     parse_codecs,
     parse_count,
@@ -72,7 +68,6 @@
     variadic,
 )
 
-
 # any clients starting with _ cannot be explicity requested by the user
 INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
     'web': {
@@ -452,7 +447,7 @@ def _generate_sapisidhash_header(self, origin='https://www.youtube.com'):
             return None
         # SAPISIDHASH algorithm from https://stackoverflow.com/a/32065323
         sapisidhash = hashlib.sha1(
-            f'{time_now} {self._SAPISID} {origin}'.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            f'{time_now} {self._SAPISID} {origin}'.encode()).hexdigest()
         return f'SAPISIDHASH {time_now}_{sapisidhash}'
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True, headers=None,
@@ -471,14 +466,14 @@ def _call_api(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True, headers=None,
         if headers:
             real_headers.update(headers)
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/youtubei/v1/%s' % (api_hostname or self._get_innertube_host(default_client), ep),
+            f'https://{api_hostname or self._get_innertube_host(default_client)}/youtubei/v1/{ep}',
             video_id=video_id, fatal=fatal, note=note, errnote=errnote,
             data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf8'), headers=real_headers,
             query={'key': api_key or self._extract_api_key(), 'prettyPrint': 'false'})
 
     def extract_yt_initial_data(self, item_id, webpage, fatal=True):
         data = self._search_regex(
-            (r'%s\s*%s' % (self._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE, self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE),
+            (fr'{self._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE}\s*{self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE}',
              self._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE), webpage, 'yt initial data', fatal=fatal)
         if data:
             return self._parse_json(data, item_id, fatal=fatal)
@@ -665,7 +660,7 @@ def _report_alerts(self, alerts, expected=True, fatal=True, only_once=False):
                 warnings.append([alert_type, alert_message])
 
         for alert_type, alert_message in (warnings + errors[:-1]):
-            self.report_warning('YouTube said: %s - %s' % (alert_type, alert_message), only_once=only_once)
+            self.report_warning(f'YouTube said: {alert_type} - {alert_message}', only_once=only_once)
         if errors:
             raise ExtractorError('YouTube said: %s' % errors[-1][1], expected=expected)
 
@@ -2225,10 +2220,10 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
         qs = parse_qs(url)
         if qs.get('list', [None])[0]:
             return False
-        return super(YoutubeIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return super().suitable(url)
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(YoutubeIE, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._code_cache = {}
         self._player_cache = {}
 
@@ -2424,8 +2419,7 @@ def _extract_signature_function(self, video_id, player_url, example_sig):
         player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
 
         # Read from filesystem cache
-        func_id = 'js_%s_%s' % (
-            player_id, self._signature_cache_id(example_sig))
+        func_id = f'js_{player_id}_{self._signature_cache_id(example_sig)}'
         assert os.path.basename(func_id) == func_id
 
         cache_spec = self._downloader.cache.load('youtube-sigfuncs', func_id)
@@ -2452,7 +2446,7 @@ def _genslice(start, end, step):
                 starts = '' if start == 0 else str(start)
                 ends = (':%d' % (end + step)) if end + step >= 0 else ':'
                 steps = '' if step == 1 else (':%d' % step)
-                return 's[%s%s%s]' % (starts, ends, steps)
+                return f's[{starts}{ends}{steps}]'
 
             step = None
             # Quelch pyflakes warnings - start will be set when step is set
@@ -2633,7 +2627,7 @@ def _mark_watched(self, video_id, player_responses):
         # cpn generation algorithm is reverse engineered from base.js.
         # In fact it works even with dummy cpn.
         CPN_ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_'
-        cpn = ''.join((CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(0, 16)))
+        cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(0, 16))
 
         qs.update({
             'ver': ['2'],
@@ -2744,7 +2738,7 @@ def _extract_chapters(self, chapter_list, chapter_time, chapter_title, duration)
 
     def _extract_yt_initial_variable(self, webpage, regex, video_id, name):
         return self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            (r'%s\s*%s' % (regex, self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE),
+            (fr'{regex}\s*{self._YT_INITIAL_BOUNDARY_RE}',
              regex), webpage, name, default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False)
 
     def _extract_comment(self, comment_renderer, parent=None):
@@ -2842,8 +2836,8 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
                     comment_entries_iter = self._comment_entries(
                         comment_replies_renderer, ytcfg, video_id,
                         parent=comment.get('id'), tracker=tracker)
-                    for reply_comment in itertools.islice(comment_entries_iter, min(max_replies_per_thread, max(0, max_replies - tracker['total_reply_comments']))):
-                        yield reply_comment
+                    yield from itertools.islice(comment_entries_iter, min(
+                        max_replies_per_thread, max(0, max_replies - tracker['total_reply_comments'])))
 
         # Keeps track of counts across recursive calls
         if not tracker:
@@ -2986,7 +2980,7 @@ def _get_requested_clients(self, url, smuggled_data):
         requested_clients = []
         default = ['android', 'web']
         allowed_clients = sorted(
-            [client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.keys() if client[:1] != '_'],
+            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.keys() if client[:1] != '_'),
             key=lambda client: INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['priority'], reverse=True)
         for client in self._configuration_arg('player_client'):
             if client in allowed_clients:
@@ -3957,8 +3951,7 @@ def _shelf_entries_from_content(self, shelf_renderer):
             # TODO: add support for nested playlists so each shelf is processed
             # as separate playlist
             # TODO: this includes only first N items
-            for entry in self._grid_entries(renderer):
-                yield entry
+            yield from self._grid_entries(renderer)
         renderer = content.get('horizontalListRenderer')
         if renderer:
             # TODO
@@ -3978,8 +3971,7 @@ def _shelf_entries(self, shelf_renderer, skip_channels=False):
             title = self._get_text(shelf_renderer, 'title')
             yield self.url_result(shelf_url, video_title=title)
         # Shelf may not contain shelf URL, fallback to extraction from content
-        for entry in self._shelf_entries_from_content(shelf_renderer):
-            yield entry
+        yield from self._shelf_entries_from_content(shelf_renderer)
 
     def _playlist_entries(self, video_list_renderer):
         for content in video_list_renderer['contents']:
@@ -4057,8 +4049,7 @@ def _post_thread_continuation_entries(self, post_thread_continuation):
             renderer = content.get('backstagePostThreadRenderer')
             if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
                 continue
-            for entry in self._post_thread_entries(renderer):
-                yield entry
+            yield from self._post_thread_entries(renderer)
 
     r''' # unused
     def _rich_grid_entries(self, contents):
@@ -4128,8 +4119,7 @@ def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, account_syncid, visitor_data):
         parent_renderer = (
             try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['sectionListRenderer'], dict)
             or try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['richGridRenderer'], dict) or {})
-        for entry in extract_entries(parent_renderer):
-            yield entry
+        yield from extract_entries(parent_renderer)
         continuation = continuation_list[0]
 
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
@@ -4138,7 +4128,7 @@ def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, account_syncid, visitor_data):
             headers = self.generate_api_headers(
                 ytcfg=ytcfg, account_syncid=account_syncid, visitor_data=visitor_data)
             response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id='%s page %s' % (item_id, page_num),
+                item_id=f'{item_id} page {page_num}',
                 query=continuation, headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
                 check_get_keys=('continuationContents', 'onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'))
 
@@ -4162,8 +4152,7 @@ def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, account_syncid, visitor_data):
                     continue
                 continuation_renderer = value
                 continuation_list = [None]
-                for entry in known_continuation_renderers[key](continuation_renderer):
-                    yield entry
+                yield from known_continuation_renderers[key](continuation_renderer)
                 continuation = continuation_list[0] or self._extract_continuation(continuation_renderer)
                 break
             if continuation_renderer:
@@ -4189,8 +4178,7 @@ def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, account_syncid, visitor_data):
                     continue
                 video_items_renderer = {known_renderers[key][1]: continuation_items}
                 continuation_list = [None]
-                for entry in known_renderers[key][0](video_items_renderer):
-                    yield entry
+                yield from known_renderers[key][0](video_items_renderer)
                 continuation = continuation_list[0] or self._extract_continuation(video_items_renderer)
                 break
             if video_items_renderer:
@@ -4562,7 +4550,7 @@ def _search_results(self, query, params=NO_DEFAULT, default_client='web'):
             ('continuationContents', ),
         )
         display_id = f'query "{query}"'
-        check_get_keys = tuple(set(keys[0] for keys in content_keys))
+        check_get_keys = tuple({keys[0] for keys in content_keys})
         ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg(default_client, display_id) if not self.skip_webpage else {}
         self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg, fatal=False)
 
@@ -5272,8 +5260,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if YoutubeIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            YoutubeTabIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if YoutubeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     _URL_RE = re.compile(rf'(?P<pre>{_VALID_URL})(?(not_channel)|(?P<tab>/\w+))?(?P<post>.*)$')
 
@@ -5320,7 +5307,7 @@ def get_mobj(url):
 
         # Handle both video/playlist URLs
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        video_id, playlist_id = [qs.get(key, [None])[0] for key in ('v', 'list')]
+        video_id, playlist_id = (qs.get(key, [None])[0] for key in ('v', 'list'))
 
         if not video_id and mobj['not_channel'].startswith('watch'):
             if not playlist_id:
@@ -5506,7 +5493,7 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
         qs = parse_qs(url)
         if qs.get('v', [None])[0]:
             return False
-        return super(YoutubePlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -5975,5 +5962,5 @@ class YoutubeTruncatedIDIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         raise ExtractorError(
-            'Incomplete YouTube ID %s. URL %s looks truncated.' % (video_id, url),
+            f'Incomplete YouTube ID {video_id}. URL {url} looks truncated.',
             expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
index 161b011ab609a741287da56808f0e2b787866447..a1546fd88f6207bafcd9a8b42a4c3719642f5699 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
index 8614ca23deb95db6f3cf3e5fc9ae0dd8a9889be6..16f827a7e11830c21a0d0e9d4d621d9052722461 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 from uuid import uuid4
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
index 5f4d26622fab00b9642d3f22be8217180200b116..a388ff562b2f8cbc321c320664bc0f4b05bc4190 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
index 9e411d83ff2131e92b64279412f21f0d4a82057e..9ff36052eaf047a2bede7f80a9769861d122e197 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -96,14 +93,14 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if len(username) == 10 and username.isdigit() and self._USER_TOKEN is None:
             self.report_login()
-            otp_request_json = self._download_json('https://b2bapi.zee5.com/device/sendotp_v1.php?phoneno=91{}'.format(username),
+            otp_request_json = self._download_json(f'https://b2bapi.zee5.com/device/sendotp_v1.php?phoneno=91{username}',
                                                    None, note='Sending OTP')
             if otp_request_json['code'] == 0:
                 self.to_screen(otp_request_json['message'])
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError(otp_request_json['message'], expected=True)
             otp_code = self._get_tfa_info('OTP')
-            otp_verify_json = self._download_json('https://b2bapi.zee5.com/device/verifyotp_v1.php?phoneno=91{}&otp={}&guest_token={}&platform=web'.format(username, otp_code, self._DEVICE_ID),
+            otp_verify_json = self._download_json(f'https://b2bapi.zee5.com/device/verifyotp_v1.php?phoneno=91{username}&otp={otp_code}&guest_token={self._DEVICE_ID}&platform=web',
                                                   None, note='Verifying OTP', fatal=False)
             if not otp_verify_json:
                 raise ExtractorError('Unable to verify OTP.', expected=True)
@@ -227,13 +224,13 @@ def _entries(self, show_id):
             'X-Access-Token': access_token_request['token'],
             'Referer': 'https://www.zee5.com/',
         }
-        show_url = 'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/{}?translation=en&country=IN'.format(show_id)
+        show_url = f'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/{show_id}?translation=en&country=IN'
 
         page_num = 0
         show_json = self._download_json(show_url, video_id=show_id, headers=headers)
         for season in show_json.get('seasons') or []:
             season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
-            next_url = 'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/?season_id={}&type=episode&translation=en&country=IN&on_air=false&asset_subtype=tvshow&page=1&limit=100'.format(season_id)
+            next_url = f'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/?season_id={season_id}&type=episode&translation=en&country=IN&on_air=false&asset_subtype=tvshow&page=1&limit=100'
             while next_url:
                 page_num += 1
                 episodes_json = self._download_json(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
index 278a9438e8d4e2f51c7e237ee1465e4777fca07d..70eb3ccd1b99eabd22e62c67a2c03e4cb0c8de8e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import format_field, float_or_none, int_or_none
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
index 419bf30d850d841002f00ffec722bb2cd95c7409..42a8ac05610108745ad63b7fcd382502aae67667 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import urllib.parse
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
index c00548839971e3a38137e7771b47f49fe6a75232..a455f8c04aec969f1a9fbcd7345cad1c52802b99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
index 7663cb36b01a55c07cd1459e3ed524505227c6f3..6f2fbb9e9d6e59d648134fae87967f7073ca6d3f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
diff --git a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
index c8448e01e53622f950b027b17de234b821b6db70..512a4bfcbbf59f370584dd1c173387c71cf6a2a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 import json
 import operator
 import re
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 
-from .utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    remove_quotes,
-)
+from .utils import ExtractorError, remove_quotes
 
 _OPERATORS = [
     ('|', operator.or_),
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
         return f'LocalNameSpace{self.stack}'
 
 
-class JSInterpreter(object):
+class JSInterpreter:
     def __init__(self, code, objects=None):
         if objects is None:
             objects = {}
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ def interpret_expression(self, expr, local_vars, allow_recursion, is_value=False
             for default in (False, True):
                 matched = False
                 for item in items:
-                    case, stmt = [i.strip() for i in self._separate(item, ':', 1)]
+                    case, stmt = (i.strip() for i in self._separate(item, ':', 1))
                     if default:
                         matched = matched or case == 'default'
                     elif not matched:
@@ -282,10 +279,10 @@ def interpret_expression(self, expr, local_vars, allow_recursion, is_value=False
             expr = expr[:start] + json.dumps(ret) + expr[end:]
 
         for op, opfunc in _ASSIGN_OPERATORS:
-            m = re.match(r'''(?x)
-                (?P<out>%s)(?:\[(?P<index>[^\]]+?)\])?
-                \s*%s
-                (?P<expr>.*)$''' % (_NAME_RE, re.escape(op)), expr)
+            m = re.match(rf'''(?x)
+                (?P<out>{_NAME_RE})(?:\[(?P<index>[^\]]+?)\])?
+                \s*{re.escape(op)}
+                (?P<expr>.*)$''', expr)
             if not m:
                 continue
             right_val = self.interpret_expression(m.group('expr'), local_vars, allow_recursion)
@@ -471,9 +468,9 @@ def eval_method():
         m = re.match(r'^(?P<func>%s)\((?P<args>[a-zA-Z0-9_$,]*)\)$' % _NAME_RE, expr)
         if m:
             fname = m.group('func')
-            argvals = tuple([
+            argvals = tuple(
                 int(v) if v.isdigit() else local_vars[v]
-                for v in self._separate(m.group('args'))])
+                for v in self._separate(m.group('args')))
             if fname in local_vars:
                 return local_vars[fname](argvals)
             elif fname not in self._functions:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/minicurses.py b/yt_dlp/minicurses.py
index 41c60e2b09e44dffc48ee504464bc344c65d819a..99e920306e9728c4999c1d3659d5d780952cacaf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/minicurses.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/minicurses.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import functools
 from threading import Lock
-from .utils import supports_terminal_sequences, write_string
 
+from .utils import supports_terminal_sequences, write_string
 
 CONTROL_SEQUENCES = {
     'DOWN': '\n',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/options.py b/yt_dlp/options.py
index 0c5e734cb8a4e6bf8e13553c3ab692fe36e45200..948ae80ad6bebcccdb6e54e25c7dfc6f0057c23f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/options.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/options.py
@@ -1,29 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import os.path
 import optparse
+import os.path
 import re
+import shlex
 import sys
 
-from .compat import (
-    compat_expanduser,
-    compat_get_terminal_size,
-    compat_getenv,
-    compat_kwargs,
-    compat_shlex_split,
-)
-from .utils import (
-    Config,
-    expand_path,
-    get_executable_path,
-    OUTTMPL_TYPES,
-    POSTPROCESS_WHEN,
-    remove_end,
-    write_string,
-)
+from .compat import compat_expanduser, compat_get_terminal_size, compat_getenv
 from .cookies import SUPPORTED_BROWSERS, SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS
-from .version import __version__
-
 from .downloader.external import list_external_downloaders
 from .postprocessor import (
     FFmpegExtractAudioPP,
@@ -33,6 +15,16 @@
     SponsorBlockPP,
 )
 from .postprocessor.modify_chapters import DEFAULT_SPONSORBLOCK_CHAPTER_TITLE
+from .utils import (
+    OUTTMPL_TYPES,
+    POSTPROCESS_WHEN,
+    Config,
+    expand_path,
+    get_executable_path,
+    remove_end,
+    write_string,
+)
+from .version import __version__
 
 
 def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None, ignore_config_files='if_override'):
@@ -125,7 +117,7 @@ def _match_long_opt(self, opt):
         try:
             return super()._match_long_opt(opt)
         except optparse.AmbiguousOptionError as e:
-            if len(set(self._long_opt[p] for p in e.possibilities)) == 1:
+            if len({self._long_opt[p] for p in e.possibilities}) == 1:
                 return e.possibilities[0]
             raise
 
@@ -159,14 +151,12 @@ def _format_option_string(option):
     fmt = optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter(width=max_width, max_help_position=max_help_position)
     fmt.format_option_strings = _format_option_string
 
-    kw = {
-        'version': __version__,
-        'formatter': fmt,
-        'usage': '%prog [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]',
-        'conflict_handler': 'resolve',
-    }
-
-    return _YoutubeDLOptionParser(**compat_kwargs(kw))
+    return _YoutubeDLOptionParser(
+        version=__version__,
+        formatter=fmt,
+        usage='%prog [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]',
+        conflict_handler='resolve',
+    )
 
 
 def create_parser():
@@ -212,9 +202,9 @@ def _dict_from_options_callback(
         out_dict = dict(getattr(parser.values, option.dest))
         multiple_args = not isinstance(value, str)
         if multiple_keys:
-            allowed_keys = r'(%s)(,(%s))*' % (allowed_keys, allowed_keys)
+            allowed_keys = fr'({allowed_keys})(,({allowed_keys}))*'
         mobj = re.match(
-            r'(?i)(?P<keys>%s)%s(?P<val>.*)$' % (allowed_keys, delimiter),
+            fr'(?i)(?P<keys>{allowed_keys}){delimiter}(?P<val>.*)$',
             value[0] if multiple_args else value)
         if mobj is not None:
             keys, val = mobj.group('keys').split(','), mobj.group('val')
@@ -224,7 +214,7 @@ def _dict_from_options_callback(
             keys, val = [default_key], value
         else:
             raise optparse.OptionValueError(
-                'wrong %s formatting; it should be %s, not "%s"' % (opt_str, option.metavar, value))
+                f'wrong {opt_str} formatting; it should be {option.metavar}, not "{value}"')
         try:
             keys = map(process_key, keys) if process_key else keys
             val = process(val) if process else val
@@ -893,7 +883,7 @@ def _dict_from_options_callback(
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': r'ffmpeg_[io]\d*|%s' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, list_external_downloaders())),
             'default_key': 'default',
-            'process': compat_shlex_split
+            'process': shlex.split
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the external downloader. '
             'Specify the downloader name and the arguments separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1435,7 +1425,7 @@ def _dict_from_options_callback(
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': r'\w+(?:\+\w+)?',
             'default_key': 'default-compat',
-            'process': compat_shlex_split,
+            'process': shlex.split,
             'multiple_keys': False
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the postprocessors. '
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
index e47631eb66e8510df3d5e48a8b47f268608ab5f3..f168be46ad0479276f895f979bec78ee75edd229 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
 # flake8: noqa: F401
 
-from ..utils import load_plugins
-
 from .common import PostProcessor
 from .embedthumbnail import EmbedThumbnailPP
-from .exec import ExecPP, ExecAfterDownloadPP
+from .exec import ExecAfterDownloadPP, ExecPP
 from .ffmpeg import (
-    FFmpegPostProcessor,
-    FFmpegCopyStreamPP,
     FFmpegConcatPP,
+    FFmpegCopyStreamPP,
     FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP,
     FFmpegExtractAudioPP,
     FFmpegFixupDuplicateMoovPP,
     FFmpegFixupDurationPP,
-    FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
-    FFmpegFixupTimestampPP,
     FFmpegFixupM3u8PP,
     FFmpegFixupM4aPP,
+    FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
+    FFmpegFixupTimestampPP,
     FFmpegMergerPP,
     FFmpegMetadataPP,
+    FFmpegPostProcessor,
+    FFmpegSplitChaptersPP,
     FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP,
     FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
-    FFmpegSplitChaptersPP,
     FFmpegVideoConvertorPP,
     FFmpegVideoRemuxerPP,
 )
@@ -35,6 +33,7 @@
 from .sponskrub import SponSkrubPP
 from .sponsorblock import SponsorBlockPP
 from .xattrpp import XAttrMetadataPP
+from ..utils import load_plugins
 
 _PLUGIN_CLASSES = load_plugins('postprocessor', 'PP', globals())
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
index 65ce213fab80836c6fb0f9334d012c4528aac37f..136da436c94aa450fec426470e0a683e079373df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import functools
 import itertools
 import json
@@ -12,10 +10,10 @@
 
 from ..longname import split_longname
 from ..utils import (
+    PostProcessingError,
     _configuration_args,
     encodeFilename,
     network_exceptions,
-    PostProcessingError,
     sanitized_Request,
     write_string,
 )
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ def pp_key(cls):
     def to_screen(self, text, prefix=True, *args, **kwargs):
         tag = '[%s] ' % self.PP_NAME if prefix else ''
         if self._downloader:
-            return self._downloader.to_screen('%s%s' % (tag, text), *args, **kwargs)
+            return self._downloader.to_screen(f'{tag}{text}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
         if self._downloader:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
index 057007f2e9861382e6909a8ff239467034cbbd88..5469f25e0e0ab4478c32b52defa542a537dd9336 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import imghdr
 import os
-import subprocess
 import re
+import subprocess
 
 try:
-    from mutagen.flac import Picture, FLAC
+    from mutagen.flac import FLAC, Picture
     from mutagen.mp4 import MP4, MP4Cover
     from mutagen.oggopus import OggOpus
     from mutagen.oggvorbis import OggVorbis
@@ -17,17 +14,14 @@
     has_mutagen = False
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
-from .ffmpeg import (
-    FFmpegPostProcessor,
-    FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
-)
+from .ffmpeg import FFmpegPostProcessor, FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP
 from ..utils import (
+    Popen,
+    PostProcessingError,
     check_executable,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
     error_to_compat_str,
-    Popen,
-    PostProcessingError,
     prepend_extension,
     shell_quote,
 )
@@ -61,7 +55,7 @@ def guess():
         return int(mobj.group('w')), int(mobj.group('h'))
 
     def _report_run(self, exe, filename):
-        self.to_screen('%s: Adding thumbnail to "%s"' % (exe, filename))
+        self.to_screen(f'{exe}: Adding thumbnail to "{filename}"')
 
     @PostProcessor._restrict_to(images=False)
     def run(self, info):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
index 63f4d23f26d90f7cad4803dbccfeffb0d71d50c7..cfc83167ce5b32ee67b975e931203adffb6bd866 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
@@ -1,14 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import subprocess
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
 from ..compat import compat_shlex_quote
-from ..utils import (
-    encodeArgument,
-    PostProcessingError,
-    variadic,
-)
+from ..utils import PostProcessingError, encodeArgument, variadic
 
 
 class ExecPP(PostProcessor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
index 2ad458fe0879f4e1128777be1ed4971678df66a8..574696c183abbd6d654f9da73a3969c820121a7e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import collections
-import io
 import itertools
+import json
 import os
-import subprocess
-import time
 import re
-import json
+import subprocess
 import tempfile
+import time
 
 from ..longname import split_longname_str
 from .common import AudioConversionError, PostProcessor
@@ -16,18 +13,18 @@
 
 from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    ISO639Utils,
+    Popen,
+    PostProcessingError,
+    _get_exe_version_output,
+    detect_exe_version,
     determine_ext,
     dfxp2srt,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
     float_or_none,
-    _get_exe_version_output,
-    detect_exe_version,
     is_outdated_version,
-    ISO639Utils,
     orderedSet,
-    Popen,
-    PostProcessingError,
     prepend_extension,
     replace_extension,
     shell_quote,
@@ -36,7 +33,6 @@
     write_json_file,
 )
 
-
 EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS = {
     'aac': 'adts',
     'flac': 'flac',
@@ -95,11 +91,9 @@ def check_version(self):
             raise FFmpegPostProcessorError('ffmpeg not found. Please install or provide the path using --ffmpeg-location')
 
         required_version = '10-0' if self.basename == 'avconv' else '1.0'
-        if is_outdated_version(
-                self._versions[self.basename], required_version):
-            warning = 'Your copy of %s is outdated, update %s to version %s or newer if you encounter any errors.' % (
-                self.basename, self.basename, required_version)
-            self.report_warning(warning)
+        if is_outdated_version(self._versions[self.basename], required_version):
+            self.report_warning(f'Your copy of {self.basename} is outdated, update {self.basename} '
+                                f'to version {required_version} or newer if you encounter any errors')
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_versions_and_features(downloader=None):
@@ -169,8 +163,8 @@ def get_ffmpeg_version(path, prog):
                 if basename in ('ffmpeg', 'ffprobe'):
                     prefer_ffmpeg = True
 
-            self._paths = dict(
-                (p, os.path.join(dirname, p)) for p in programs)
+            self._paths = {
+                p: os.path.join(dirname, p) for p in programs}
             if basename:
                 self._paths[basename] = location
 
@@ -217,7 +211,7 @@ def stream_copy_opts(copy=True, *, ext=None):
         if copy:
             yield from ('-c', 'copy')
         # For some reason, '-c copy -map 0' is not enough to copy subtitles
-        if ext in ('mp4', 'mov'):
+        if ext in ('mp4', 'm4a', 'mov'):
             yield from ('-c:s', 'mov_text')
 
     def get_audio_codec(self, path):
@@ -233,13 +227,13 @@ def get_audio_codec(self, path):
                     encodeFilename(self.executable, True),
                     encodeArgument('-i')]
             cmd.append(self._ffmpeg_fn_arg_split(path, True, True))
-            self.write_debug('%s command line: %s' % (self.basename, shell_quote(cmd)))
+            self.write_debug(f'{self.basename} command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
             handle = Popen(cmd, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
             stdout_data, stderr_data = handle.communicate_or_kill()
             expected_ret = 0 if self.probe_available else 1
             if handle.wait() != expected_ret:
                 return None
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return None
         output = (stdout_data if self.probe_available else stderr_data).decode('ascii', 'ignore')
         if self.probe_available:
@@ -604,7 +598,7 @@ class FFmpegVideoConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
     _ACTION = 'converting'
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, preferedformat=None):
-        super(FFmpegVideoConvertorPP, self).__init__(downloader)
+        super().__init__(downloader)
         self._preferedformats = preferedformat.lower().split('/')
 
     def _target_ext(self, source_ext):
@@ -651,15 +645,16 @@ def _options(target_ext):
 
 class FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
     _NATIVE_PROGRESS_ENABLED = True
+    SUPPORTED_EXTS = ('mp4', 'mov', 'm4a', 'webm', 'mkv', 'mka')
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, already_have_subtitle=False):
-        super(FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP, self).__init__(downloader)
+        super().__init__(downloader)
         self._already_have_subtitle = already_have_subtitle
 
     @PostProcessor._restrict_to(images=False)
     def run(self, info):
-        if info['ext'] not in ('mp4', 'webm', 'mkv'):
-            self.to_screen('Subtitles can only be embedded in mp4, webm or mkv files')
+        if info['ext'] not in self.SUPPORTED_EXTS:
+            self.to_screen(f'Subtitles can only be embedded in {", ".join(self.SUPPORTED_EXTS)} files')
             return [], info
         subtitles = info.get('requested_subtitles')
         if not subtitles:
@@ -782,7 +777,7 @@ def run(self, info):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_chapter_opts(chapters, metadata_filename):
-        with io.open(metadata_filename, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(metadata_filename, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
             def ffmpeg_escape(text):
                 return re.sub(r'([\\=;#\n])', r'\\\1', text)
 
@@ -806,6 +801,7 @@ def add(meta_list, info_list=None):
                 str(info[key]) for key in [f'{meta_prefix}_'] + list(variadic(info_list or meta_list))
                 if info.get(key) is not None), None)
             if value not in ('', None):
+                value = value.replace('\0', '')  # nul character cannot be passed in command line
                 metadata['common'].update({meta_f: value for meta_f in variadic(meta_list)})
 
         # See [1-4] for some info on media metadata/metadata supported
@@ -971,7 +967,7 @@ class FFmpegFixupTimestampPP(FFmpegFixupPostProcessor):
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, trim=0.001):
         # "trim" should be used when the video contains unintended packets
-        super(FFmpegFixupTimestampPP, self).__init__(downloader)
+        super().__init__(downloader)
         assert isinstance(trim, (int, float))
         self.trim = str(trim)
 
@@ -1009,7 +1005,7 @@ class FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
     SUPPORTED_EXTS = ('srt', 'vtt', 'ass', 'lrc')
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, format=None):
-        super(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP, self).__init__(downloader)
+        super().__init__(downloader)
         self.format = format
 
     def run(self, info):
@@ -1051,7 +1047,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                 with open(dfxp_file, 'rb') as f:
                     srt_data = dfxp2srt(f.read())
 
-                with io.open(srt_file, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                with open(srt_file, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                     f.write(srt_data)
                 old_file = srt_file
 
@@ -1068,7 +1064,7 @@ def run(self, info):
 
             self.run_ffmpeg(old_file, new_file, ['-f', new_format])
 
-            with io.open(new_file, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(new_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 subs[lang] = {
                     'ext': new_ext,
                     'data': f.read(),
@@ -1131,7 +1127,7 @@ class FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
     SUPPORTED_EXTS = ('jpg', 'png', 'webp')
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, format=None):
-        super(FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP, self).__init__(downloader)
+        super().__init__(downloader)
         self.format = format
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1162,7 +1158,7 @@ def _options(target_ext):
     def convert_thumbnail(self, thumbnail_filename, target_ext):
         thumbnail_conv_filename = replace_extension(thumbnail_filename, target_ext)
 
-        self.to_screen('Converting thumbnail "%s" to %s' % (thumbnail_filename, target_ext))
+        self.to_screen(f'Converting thumbnail "{thumbnail_filename}" to {target_ext}')
         self.real_run_ffmpeg(
             [(thumbnail_filename, ['-f', 'image2', '-pattern_type', 'none'])],
             [(thumbnail_conv_filename.replace('%', '%%'), self._options(target_ext))])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
index 22506bc21d92b0d8c9b589f559d4bb64d6fad9f2..7e2c232887555f21cba317cc98152dfa2130e1c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
@@ -3,17 +3,9 @@
 import os
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
-from .ffmpeg import (
-    FFmpegPostProcessor,
-    FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP
-)
+from .ffmpeg import FFmpegPostProcessor, FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP
 from .sponsorblock import SponsorBlockPP
-from ..utils import (
-    orderedSet,
-    PostProcessingError,
-    prepend_extension,
-)
-
+from ..utils import PostProcessingError, orderedSet, prepend_extension
 
 _TINY_CHAPTER_DURATION = 1
 DEFAULT_SPONSORBLOCK_CHAPTER_TITLE = '[SponsorBlock]: %(category_names)l'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
index 1064a8cb8d639fd870b90cddb2fb26bb48db1028..436d132272f36fa20a4fd058b9aea6c4993ba663 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import os
 import shutil
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
 from ..utils import (
+    PostProcessingError,
     decodeFilename,
     encodeFilename,
     make_dir,
-    PostProcessingError,
 )
 
 
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                         % (oldfile, newfile))
                     continue
             make_dir(newfile, PostProcessingError)
-            self.to_screen('Moving file "%s" to "%s"' % (oldfile, newfile))
+            self.to_screen(f'Moving file "{oldfile}" to "{newfile}"')
             shutil.move(oldfile, newfile)  # os.rename cannot move between volumes
 
         info['filepath'] = finalpath
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
index 86149aeefd5384addcf6986fdde9385a4e40cbcd..1a9f5dc66374a1c46e55b0584b2b1d5d1ab20d07 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import os
+import shlex
 import subprocess
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
-from ..compat import compat_shlex_split
 from ..utils import (
+    Popen,
+    PostProcessingError,
     check_executable,
     cli_option,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
+    prepend_extension,
     shell_quote,
     str_or_none,
-    Popen,
-    PostProcessingError,
-    prepend_extension,
 )
 
 
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def run(self, information):
         if not self.cutout:
             cmd += ['-chapter']
         cmd += cli_option(self._downloader.params, '-proxy', 'proxy')
-        cmd += compat_shlex_split(self.args)  # For backward compatibility
+        cmd += shlex.split(self.args)  # For backward compatibility
         cmd += self._configuration_args(self._exe_name, use_compat=False)
         cmd += ['--', information['id'], filename, temp_filename]
         cmd = [encodeArgument(i) for i in cmd]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
index 7943014e2dcdec75f68768fc0dfbbff1e9abd8df..7749ffe054527d1c02eb1d54cfa73d6a20f25c83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from hashlib import sha256
+import hashlib
 import json
 import re
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def to_chapter(s):
         return sponsor_chapters
 
     def _get_sponsor_segments(self, video_id, service):
-        hash = sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
+        hash = hashlib.sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
         # SponsorBlock API recommends using first 4 hash characters.
         url = f'{self._API_URL}/api/skipSegments/{hash[:4]}?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
             'service': service,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
index 93acd6d133deb33d0f45a297f0dc76215518cf8f..3c431941b3057e99262285bedbeb5e7abcabe989 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .common import PostProcessor
 from ..compat import compat_os_name
 from ..utils import (
-    hyphenate_date,
-    write_xattr,
     PostProcessingError,
     XAttrMetadataError,
     XAttrUnavailableError,
+    hyphenate_date,
+    write_xattr,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/socks.py b/yt_dlp/socks.py
index 5d4adbe72de5d273a11f0fc2d66b7829c4bbfb37..56fab08ab3497b8c6b636ea995150a982e8d55b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/socks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/socks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # Public Domain SOCKS proxy protocol implementation
 # Adapted from https://gist.github.com/bluec0re/cafd3764412967417fd3
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 # References:
 # SOCKS4 protocol http://www.openssh.com/txt/socks4.protocol
 # SOCKS4A protocol http://www.openssh.com/txt/socks4a.protocol
@@ -12,11 +9,7 @@
 import collections
 import socket
 
-from .compat import (
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_struct_pack,
-    compat_struct_unpack,
-)
+from .compat import compat_ord, compat_struct_pack, compat_struct_unpack
 
 __author__ = 'Timo Schmid <coding@timoschmid.de>'
 
@@ -33,7 +26,7 @@
 SOCKS5_USER_AUTH_SUCCESS = 0x00
 
 
-class Socks4Command(object):
+class Socks4Command:
     CMD_CONNECT = 0x01
     CMD_BIND = 0x02
 
@@ -42,14 +35,14 @@ class Socks5Command(Socks4Command):
     CMD_UDP_ASSOCIATE = 0x03
 
 
-class Socks5Auth(object):
+class Socks5Auth:
     AUTH_NONE = 0x00
     AUTH_GSSAPI = 0x01
     AUTH_USER_PASS = 0x02
     AUTH_NO_ACCEPTABLE = 0xFF  # For server response
 
 
-class Socks5AddressType(object):
+class Socks5AddressType:
     ATYP_IPV4 = 0x01
     ATYP_DOMAINNAME = 0x03
     ATYP_IPV6 = 0x04
@@ -61,14 +54,14 @@ class ProxyError(socket.error):
     def __init__(self, code=None, msg=None):
         if code is not None and msg is None:
             msg = self.CODES.get(code) or 'unknown error'
-        super(ProxyError, self).__init__(code, msg)
+        super().__init__(code, msg)
 
 
 class InvalidVersionError(ProxyError):
     def __init__(self, expected_version, got_version):
-        msg = ('Invalid response version from server. Expected {0:02x} got '
-               '{1:02x}'.format(expected_version, got_version))
-        super(InvalidVersionError, self).__init__(0, msg)
+        msg = ('Invalid response version from server. Expected {:02x} got '
+               '{:02x}'.format(expected_version, got_version))
+        super().__init__(0, msg)
 
 
 class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
@@ -98,7 +91,7 @@ class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
     }
 
 
-class ProxyType(object):
+class ProxyType:
     SOCKS4 = 0
     SOCKS4A = 1
     SOCKS5 = 2
@@ -111,7 +104,7 @@ class ProxyType(object):
 class sockssocket(socket.socket):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self._proxy = None
-        super(sockssocket, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def setproxy(self, proxytype, addr, port, rdns=True, username=None, password=None):
         assert proxytype in (ProxyType.SOCKS4, ProxyType.SOCKS4A, ProxyType.SOCKS5)
@@ -123,13 +116,13 @@ def recvall(self, cnt):
         while len(data) < cnt:
             cur = self.recv(cnt - len(data))
             if not cur:
-                raise EOFError('{0} bytes missing'.format(cnt - len(data)))
+                raise EOFError(f'{cnt - len(data)} bytes missing')
             data += cur
         return data
 
     def _recv_bytes(self, cnt):
         data = self.recvall(cnt)
-        return compat_struct_unpack('!{0}B'.format(cnt), data)
+        return compat_struct_unpack(f'!{cnt}B', data)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _len_and_data(data):
@@ -143,7 +136,7 @@ def _check_response_version(self, expected_version, got_version):
     def _resolve_address(self, destaddr, default, use_remote_dns):
         try:
             return socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
-        except socket.error:
+        except OSError:
             if use_remote_dns and self._proxy.remote_dns:
                 return default
             else:
@@ -185,7 +178,7 @@ def _socks5_auth(self):
             auth_methods.append(Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS)
 
         packet += compat_struct_pack('!B', len(auth_methods))
-        packet += compat_struct_pack('!{0}B'.format(len(auth_methods)), *auth_methods)
+        packet += compat_struct_pack(f'!{len(auth_methods)}B', *auth_methods)
 
         self.sendall(packet)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/swfinterp.py.disabled b/yt_dlp/swfinterp.py.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c71585753134e93fba8d8de5cee003d31f050c9..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/swfinterp.py.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,834 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import collections
-import io
-import zlib
-
-from .compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_struct_unpack,
-)
-from .utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-)
-
-
-def _extract_tags(file_contents):
-    if file_contents[1:3] != b'WS':
-        raise ExtractorError(
-            'Not an SWF file; header is %r' % file_contents[:3])
-    if file_contents[:1] == b'C':
-        content = zlib.decompress(file_contents[8:])
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            'Unsupported compression format %r' %
-            file_contents[:1])
-
-    # Determine number of bits in framesize rectangle
-    framesize_nbits = compat_struct_unpack('!B', content[:1])[0] >> 3
-    framesize_len = (5 + 4 * framesize_nbits + 7) // 8
-
-    pos = framesize_len + 2 + 2
-    while pos < len(content):
-        header16 = compat_struct_unpack('<H', content[pos:pos + 2])[0]
-        pos += 2
-        tag_code = header16 >> 6
-        tag_len = header16 & 0x3f
-        if tag_len == 0x3f:
-            tag_len = compat_struct_unpack('<I', content[pos:pos + 4])[0]
-            pos += 4
-        assert pos + tag_len <= len(content), \
-            ('Tag %d ends at %d+%d - that\'s longer than the file (%d)'
-                % (tag_code, pos, tag_len, len(content)))
-        yield (tag_code, content[pos:pos + tag_len])
-        pos += tag_len
-
-
-class _AVMClass_Object(object):
-    def __init__(self, avm_class):
-        self.avm_class = avm_class
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s#%x' % (self.avm_class.name, id(self))
-
-
-class _ScopeDict(dict):
-    def __init__(self, avm_class):
-        super(_ScopeDict, self).__init__()
-        self.avm_class = avm_class
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s__Scope(%s)' % (
-            self.avm_class.name,
-            super(_ScopeDict, self).__repr__())
-
-
-class _AVMClass(object):
-    def __init__(self, name_idx, name, static_properties=None):
-        self.name_idx = name_idx
-        self.name = name
-        self.method_names = {}
-        self.method_idxs = {}
-        self.methods = {}
-        self.method_pyfunctions = {}
-        self.static_properties = static_properties if static_properties else {}
-
-        self.variables = _ScopeDict(self)
-        self.constants = {}
-
-    def make_object(self):
-        return _AVMClass_Object(self)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '_AVMClass(%s)' % (self.name)
-
-    def register_methods(self, methods):
-        self.method_names.update(methods.items())
-        self.method_idxs.update(dict(
-            (idx, name)
-            for name, idx in methods.items()))
-
-
-class _Multiname(object):
-    def __init__(self, kind):
-        self.kind = kind
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '[MULTINAME kind: 0x%x]' % self.kind
-
-
-def _read_int(reader):
-    res = 0
-    shift = 0
-    for _ in range(5):
-        buf = reader.read(1)
-        assert len(buf) == 1
-        b = compat_struct_unpack('<B', buf)[0]
-        res = res | ((b & 0x7f) << shift)
-        if b & 0x80 == 0:
-            break
-        shift += 7
-    return res
-
-
-def _u30(reader):
-    res = _read_int(reader)
-    assert res & 0xf0000000 == 0
-    return res
-
-
-_u32 = _read_int
-
-
-def _s32(reader):
-    v = _read_int(reader)
-    if v & 0x80000000 != 0:
-        v = - ((v ^ 0xffffffff) + 1)
-    return v
-
-
-def _s24(reader):
-    bs = reader.read(3)
-    assert len(bs) == 3
-    last_byte = b'\xff' if (ord(bs[2:3]) >= 0x80) else b'\x00'
-    return compat_struct_unpack('<i', bs + last_byte)[0]
-
-
-def _read_string(reader):
-    slen = _u30(reader)
-    resb = reader.read(slen)
-    assert len(resb) == slen
-    return resb.decode('utf-8')
-
-
-def _read_bytes(count, reader):
-    assert count >= 0
-    resb = reader.read(count)
-    assert len(resb) == count
-    return resb
-
-
-def _read_byte(reader):
-    resb = _read_bytes(1, reader=reader)
-    res = compat_struct_unpack('<B', resb)[0]
-    return res
-
-
-StringClass = _AVMClass('(no name idx)', 'String')
-ByteArrayClass = _AVMClass('(no name idx)', 'ByteArray')
-TimerClass = _AVMClass('(no name idx)', 'Timer')
-TimerEventClass = _AVMClass('(no name idx)', 'TimerEvent', {'TIMER': 'timer'})
-_builtin_classes = {
-    StringClass.name: StringClass,
-    ByteArrayClass.name: ByteArrayClass,
-    TimerClass.name: TimerClass,
-    TimerEventClass.name: TimerEventClass,
-}
-
-
-class _Undefined(object):
-    def __bool__(self):
-        return False
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return 0
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return 'undefined'
-    __repr__ = __str__
-
-
-undefined = _Undefined()
-
-
-class SWFInterpreter(object):
-    def __init__(self, file_contents):
-        self._patched_functions = {
-            (TimerClass, 'addEventListener'): lambda params: undefined,
-        }
-        code_tag = next(tag
-                        for tag_code, tag in _extract_tags(file_contents)
-                        if tag_code == 82)
-        p = code_tag.index(b'\0', 4) + 1
-        code_reader = io.BytesIO(code_tag[p:])
-
-        # Parse ABC (AVM2 ByteCode)
-
-        # Define a couple convenience methods
-        u30 = lambda *args: _u30(*args, reader=code_reader)
-        s32 = lambda *args: _s32(*args, reader=code_reader)
-        u32 = lambda *args: _u32(*args, reader=code_reader)
-        read_bytes = lambda *args: _read_bytes(*args, reader=code_reader)
-        read_byte = lambda *args: _read_byte(*args, reader=code_reader)
-
-        # minor_version + major_version
-        read_bytes(2 + 2)
-
-        # Constant pool
-        int_count = u30()
-        self.constant_ints = [0]
-        for _c in range(1, int_count):
-            self.constant_ints.append(s32())
-        self.constant_uints = [0]
-        uint_count = u30()
-        for _c in range(1, uint_count):
-            self.constant_uints.append(u32())
-        double_count = u30()
-        read_bytes(max(0, (double_count - 1)) * 8)
-        string_count = u30()
-        self.constant_strings = ['']
-        for _c in range(1, string_count):
-            s = _read_string(code_reader)
-            self.constant_strings.append(s)
-        namespace_count = u30()
-        for _c in range(1, namespace_count):
-            read_bytes(1)  # kind
-            u30()  # name
-        ns_set_count = u30()
-        for _c in range(1, ns_set_count):
-            count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(count):
-                u30()
-        multiname_count = u30()
-        MULTINAME_SIZES = {
-            0x07: 2,  # QName
-            0x0d: 2,  # QNameA
-            0x0f: 1,  # RTQName
-            0x10: 1,  # RTQNameA
-            0x11: 0,  # RTQNameL
-            0x12: 0,  # RTQNameLA
-            0x09: 2,  # Multiname
-            0x0e: 2,  # MultinameA
-            0x1b: 1,  # MultinameL
-            0x1c: 1,  # MultinameLA
-        }
-        self.multinames = ['']
-        for _c in range(1, multiname_count):
-            kind = u30()
-            assert kind in MULTINAME_SIZES, 'Invalid multiname kind %r' % kind
-            if kind == 0x07:
-                u30()  # namespace_idx
-                name_idx = u30()
-                self.multinames.append(self.constant_strings[name_idx])
-            elif kind == 0x09:
-                name_idx = u30()
-                u30()
-                self.multinames.append(self.constant_strings[name_idx])
-            else:
-                self.multinames.append(_Multiname(kind))
-                for _c2 in range(MULTINAME_SIZES[kind]):
-                    u30()
-
-        # Methods
-        method_count = u30()
-        MethodInfo = collections.namedtuple(
-            'MethodInfo',
-            ['NEED_ARGUMENTS', 'NEED_REST'])
-        method_infos = []
-        for method_id in range(method_count):
-            param_count = u30()
-            u30()  # return type
-            for _ in range(param_count):
-                u30()  # param type
-            u30()  # name index (always 0 for youtube)
-            flags = read_byte()
-            if flags & 0x08 != 0:
-                # Options present
-                option_count = u30()
-                for c in range(option_count):
-                    u30()  # val
-                    read_bytes(1)  # kind
-            if flags & 0x80 != 0:
-                # Param names present
-                for _ in range(param_count):
-                    u30()  # param name
-            mi = MethodInfo(flags & 0x01 != 0, flags & 0x04 != 0)
-            method_infos.append(mi)
-
-        # Metadata
-        metadata_count = u30()
-        for _c in range(metadata_count):
-            u30()  # name
-            item_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(item_count):
-                u30()  # key
-                u30()  # value
-
-        def parse_traits_info():
-            trait_name_idx = u30()
-            kind_full = read_byte()
-            kind = kind_full & 0x0f
-            attrs = kind_full >> 4
-            methods = {}
-            constants = None
-            if kind == 0x00:  # Slot
-                u30()  # Slot id
-                u30()  # type_name_idx
-                vindex = u30()
-                if vindex != 0:
-                    read_byte()  # vkind
-            elif kind == 0x06:  # Const
-                u30()  # Slot id
-                u30()  # type_name_idx
-                vindex = u30()
-                vkind = 'any'
-                if vindex != 0:
-                    vkind = read_byte()
-                if vkind == 0x03:  # Constant_Int
-                    value = self.constant_ints[vindex]
-                elif vkind == 0x04:  # Constant_UInt
-                    value = self.constant_uints[vindex]
-                else:
-                    return {}, None  # Ignore silently for now
-                constants = {self.multinames[trait_name_idx]: value}
-            elif kind in (0x01, 0x02, 0x03):  # Method / Getter / Setter
-                u30()  # disp_id
-                method_idx = u30()
-                methods[self.multinames[trait_name_idx]] = method_idx
-            elif kind == 0x04:  # Class
-                u30()  # slot_id
-                u30()  # classi
-            elif kind == 0x05:  # Function
-                u30()  # slot_id
-                function_idx = u30()
-                methods[function_idx] = self.multinames[trait_name_idx]
-            else:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unsupported trait kind %d' % kind)
-
-            if attrs & 0x4 != 0:  # Metadata present
-                metadata_count = u30()
-                for _c3 in range(metadata_count):
-                    u30()  # metadata index
-
-            return methods, constants
-
-        # Classes
-        class_count = u30()
-        classes = []
-        for class_id in range(class_count):
-            name_idx = u30()
-
-            cname = self.multinames[name_idx]
-            avm_class = _AVMClass(name_idx, cname)
-            classes.append(avm_class)
-
-            u30()  # super_name idx
-            flags = read_byte()
-            if flags & 0x08 != 0:  # Protected namespace is present
-                u30()  # protected_ns_idx
-            intrf_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(intrf_count):
-                u30()
-            u30()  # iinit
-            trait_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(trait_count):
-                trait_methods, trait_constants = parse_traits_info()
-                avm_class.register_methods(trait_methods)
-                if trait_constants:
-                    avm_class.constants.update(trait_constants)
-
-        assert len(classes) == class_count
-        self._classes_by_name = dict((c.name, c) for c in classes)
-
-        for avm_class in classes:
-            avm_class.cinit_idx = u30()
-            trait_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(trait_count):
-                trait_methods, trait_constants = parse_traits_info()
-                avm_class.register_methods(trait_methods)
-                if trait_constants:
-                    avm_class.constants.update(trait_constants)
-
-        # Scripts
-        script_count = u30()
-        for _c in range(script_count):
-            u30()  # init
-            trait_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(trait_count):
-                parse_traits_info()
-
-        # Method bodies
-        method_body_count = u30()
-        Method = collections.namedtuple('Method', ['code', 'local_count'])
-        self._all_methods = []
-        for _c in range(method_body_count):
-            method_idx = u30()
-            u30()  # max_stack
-            local_count = u30()
-            u30()  # init_scope_depth
-            u30()  # max_scope_depth
-            code_length = u30()
-            code = read_bytes(code_length)
-            m = Method(code, local_count)
-            self._all_methods.append(m)
-            for avm_class in classes:
-                if method_idx in avm_class.method_idxs:
-                    avm_class.methods[avm_class.method_idxs[method_idx]] = m
-            exception_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(exception_count):
-                u30()  # from
-                u30()  # to
-                u30()  # target
-                u30()  # exc_type
-                u30()  # var_name
-            trait_count = u30()
-            for _c2 in range(trait_count):
-                parse_traits_info()
-
-        assert p + code_reader.tell() == len(code_tag)
-
-    def patch_function(self, avm_class, func_name, f):
-        self._patched_functions[(avm_class, func_name)] = f
-
-    def extract_class(self, class_name, call_cinit=True):
-        try:
-            res = self._classes_by_name[class_name]
-        except KeyError:
-            raise ExtractorError('Class %r not found' % class_name)
-
-        if call_cinit and hasattr(res, 'cinit_idx'):
-            res.register_methods({'$cinit': res.cinit_idx})
-            res.methods['$cinit'] = self._all_methods[res.cinit_idx]
-            cinit = self.extract_function(res, '$cinit')
-            cinit([])
-
-        return res
-
-    def extract_function(self, avm_class, func_name):
-        p = self._patched_functions.get((avm_class, func_name))
-        if p:
-            return p
-        if func_name in avm_class.method_pyfunctions:
-            return avm_class.method_pyfunctions[func_name]
-        if func_name in self._classes_by_name:
-            return self._classes_by_name[func_name].make_object()
-        if func_name not in avm_class.methods:
-            raise ExtractorError('Cannot find function %s.%s' % (
-                avm_class.name, func_name))
-        m = avm_class.methods[func_name]
-
-        def resfunc(args):
-            # Helper functions
-            coder = io.BytesIO(m.code)
-            s24 = lambda: _s24(coder)
-            u30 = lambda: _u30(coder)
-
-            registers = [avm_class.variables] + list(args) + [None] * m.local_count
-            stack = []
-            scopes = collections.deque([
-                self._classes_by_name, avm_class.constants, avm_class.variables])
-            while True:
-                opcode = _read_byte(coder)
-                if opcode == 9:  # label
-                    pass  # Spec says: "Do nothing."
-                elif opcode == 16:  # jump
-                    offset = s24()
-                    coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 17:  # iftrue
-                    offset = s24()
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    if value:
-                        coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 18:  # iffalse
-                    offset = s24()
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    if not value:
-                        coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 19:  # ifeq
-                    offset = s24()
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    if value2 == value1:
-                        coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 20:  # ifne
-                    offset = s24()
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    if value2 != value1:
-                        coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 21:  # iflt
-                    offset = s24()
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    if value1 < value2:
-                        coder.seek(coder.tell() + offset)
-                elif opcode == 32:  # pushnull
-                    stack.append(None)
-                elif opcode == 33:  # pushundefined
-                    stack.append(undefined)
-                elif opcode == 36:  # pushbyte
-                    v = _read_byte(coder)
-                    stack.append(v)
-                elif opcode == 37:  # pushshort
-                    v = u30()
-                    stack.append(v)
-                elif opcode == 38:  # pushtrue
-                    stack.append(True)
-                elif opcode == 39:  # pushfalse
-                    stack.append(False)
-                elif opcode == 40:  # pushnan
-                    stack.append(float('NaN'))
-                elif opcode == 42:  # dup
-                    value = stack[-1]
-                    stack.append(value)
-                elif opcode == 44:  # pushstring
-                    idx = u30()
-                    stack.append(self.constant_strings[idx])
-                elif opcode == 48:  # pushscope
-                    new_scope = stack.pop()
-                    scopes.append(new_scope)
-                elif opcode == 66:  # construct
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    args = list(reversed(
-                        [stack.pop() for _ in range(arg_count)]))
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-                    res = obj.avm_class.make_object()
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 70:  # callproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    args = list(reversed(
-                        [stack.pop() for _ in range(arg_count)]))
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-
-                    if obj == StringClass:
-                        if mname == 'String':
-                            assert len(args) == 1
-                            assert isinstance(args[0], (
-                                int, compat_str, _Undefined))
-                            if args[0] == undefined:
-                                res = 'undefined'
-                            else:
-                                res = compat_str(args[0])
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-                        else:
-                            raise NotImplementedError(
-                                'Function String.%s is not yet implemented'
-                                % mname)
-                    elif isinstance(obj, _AVMClass_Object):
-                        func = self.extract_function(obj.avm_class, mname)
-                        res = func(args)
-                        stack.append(res)
-                        continue
-                    elif isinstance(obj, _AVMClass):
-                        func = self.extract_function(obj, mname)
-                        res = func(args)
-                        stack.append(res)
-                        continue
-                    elif isinstance(obj, _ScopeDict):
-                        if mname in obj.avm_class.method_names:
-                            func = self.extract_function(obj.avm_class, mname)
-                            res = func(args)
-                        else:
-                            res = obj[mname]
-                        stack.append(res)
-                        continue
-                    elif isinstance(obj, compat_str):
-                        if mname == 'split':
-                            assert len(args) == 1
-                            assert isinstance(args[0], compat_str)
-                            if args[0] == '':
-                                res = list(obj)
-                            else:
-                                res = obj.split(args[0])
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-                        elif mname == 'charCodeAt':
-                            assert len(args) <= 1
-                            idx = 0 if len(args) == 0 else args[0]
-                            assert isinstance(idx, int)
-                            res = ord(obj[idx])
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-                    elif isinstance(obj, list):
-                        if mname == 'slice':
-                            assert len(args) == 1
-                            assert isinstance(args[0], int)
-                            res = obj[args[0]:]
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-                        elif mname == 'join':
-                            assert len(args) == 1
-                            assert isinstance(args[0], compat_str)
-                            res = args[0].join(obj)
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        'Unsupported property %r on %r'
-                        % (mname, obj))
-                elif opcode == 71:  # returnvoid
-                    res = undefined
-                    return res
-                elif opcode == 72:  # returnvalue
-                    res = stack.pop()
-                    return res
-                elif opcode == 73:  # constructsuper
-                    # Not yet implemented, just hope it works without it
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    args = list(reversed(
-                        [stack.pop() for _ in range(arg_count)]))
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-                elif opcode == 74:  # constructproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    args = list(reversed(
-                        [stack.pop() for _ in range(arg_count)]))
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    assert isinstance(obj, _AVMClass)
-
-                    # We do not actually call the constructor for now;
-                    # we just pretend it does nothing
-                    stack.append(obj.make_object())
-                elif opcode == 79:  # callpropvoid
-                    index = u30()
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    args = list(reversed(
-                        [stack.pop() for _ in range(arg_count)]))
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-                    if isinstance(obj, _AVMClass_Object):
-                        func = self.extract_function(obj.avm_class, mname)
-                        res = func(args)
-                        assert res is undefined
-                        continue
-                    if isinstance(obj, _ScopeDict):
-                        assert mname in obj.avm_class.method_names
-                        func = self.extract_function(obj.avm_class, mname)
-                        res = func(args)
-                        assert res is undefined
-                        continue
-                    if mname == 'reverse':
-                        assert isinstance(obj, list)
-                        obj.reverse()
-                    else:
-                        raise NotImplementedError(
-                            'Unsupported (void) property %r on %r'
-                            % (mname, obj))
-                elif opcode == 86:  # newarray
-                    arg_count = u30()
-                    arr = []
-                    for i in range(arg_count):
-                        arr.append(stack.pop())
-                    arr = arr[::-1]
-                    stack.append(arr)
-                elif opcode == 93:  # findpropstrict
-                    index = u30()
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    for s in reversed(scopes):
-                        if mname in s:
-                            res = s
-                            break
-                    else:
-                        res = scopes[0]
-                    if mname not in res and mname in _builtin_classes:
-                        stack.append(_builtin_classes[mname])
-                    else:
-                        stack.append(res[mname])
-                elif opcode == 94:  # findproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    for s in reversed(scopes):
-                        if mname in s:
-                            res = s
-                            break
-                    else:
-                        res = avm_class.variables
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 96:  # getlex
-                    index = u30()
-                    mname = self.multinames[index]
-                    for s in reversed(scopes):
-                        if mname in s:
-                            scope = s
-                            break
-                    else:
-                        scope = avm_class.variables
-
-                    if mname in scope:
-                        res = scope[mname]
-                    elif mname in _builtin_classes:
-                        res = _builtin_classes[mname]
-                    else:
-                        # Assume uninitialized
-                        # TODO warn here
-                        res = undefined
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 97:  # setproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    idx = self.multinames[index]
-                    if isinstance(idx, _Multiname):
-                        idx = stack.pop()
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-                    obj[idx] = value
-                elif opcode == 98:  # getlocal
-                    index = u30()
-                    stack.append(registers[index])
-                elif opcode == 99:  # setlocal
-                    index = u30()
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    registers[index] = value
-                elif opcode == 102:  # getproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    pname = self.multinames[index]
-                    if pname == 'length':
-                        obj = stack.pop()
-                        assert isinstance(obj, (compat_str, list))
-                        stack.append(len(obj))
-                    elif isinstance(pname, compat_str):  # Member access
-                        obj = stack.pop()
-                        if isinstance(obj, _AVMClass):
-                            res = obj.static_properties[pname]
-                            stack.append(res)
-                            continue
-
-                        assert isinstance(obj, (dict, _ScopeDict)),\
-                            'Accessing member %r on %r' % (pname, obj)
-                        res = obj.get(pname, undefined)
-                        stack.append(res)
-                    else:  # Assume attribute access
-                        idx = stack.pop()
-                        assert isinstance(idx, int)
-                        obj = stack.pop()
-                        assert isinstance(obj, list)
-                        stack.append(obj[idx])
-                elif opcode == 104:  # initproperty
-                    index = u30()
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    idx = self.multinames[index]
-                    if isinstance(idx, _Multiname):
-                        idx = stack.pop()
-                    obj = stack.pop()
-                    obj[idx] = value
-                elif opcode == 115:  # convert_
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    intvalue = int(value)
-                    stack.append(intvalue)
-                elif opcode == 128:  # coerce
-                    u30()
-                elif opcode == 130:  # coerce_a
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    # um, yes, it's any value
-                    stack.append(value)
-                elif opcode == 133:  # coerce_s
-                    assert isinstance(stack[-1], (type(None), compat_str))
-                elif opcode == 147:  # decrement
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    assert isinstance(value, int)
-                    stack.append(value - 1)
-                elif opcode == 149:  # typeof
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    return {
-                        _Undefined: 'undefined',
-                        compat_str: 'String',
-                        int: 'Number',
-                        float: 'Number',
-                    }[type(value)]
-                elif opcode == 160:  # add
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    res = value1 + value2
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 161:  # subtract
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    res = value1 - value2
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 162:  # multiply
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    res = value1 * value2
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 164:  # modulo
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    res = value1 % value2
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 168:  # bitand
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    assert isinstance(value1, int)
-                    assert isinstance(value2, int)
-                    res = value1 & value2
-                    stack.append(res)
-                elif opcode == 171:  # equals
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    result = value1 == value2
-                    stack.append(result)
-                elif opcode == 175:  # greaterequals
-                    value2 = stack.pop()
-                    value1 = stack.pop()
-                    result = value1 >= value2
-                    stack.append(result)
-                elif opcode == 192:  # increment_i
-                    value = stack.pop()
-                    assert isinstance(value, int)
-                    stack.append(value + 1)
-                elif opcode == 208:  # getlocal_0
-                    stack.append(registers[0])
-                elif opcode == 209:  # getlocal_1
-                    stack.append(registers[1])
-                elif opcode == 210:  # getlocal_2
-                    stack.append(registers[2])
-                elif opcode == 211:  # getlocal_3
-                    stack.append(registers[3])
-                elif opcode == 212:  # setlocal_0
-                    registers[0] = stack.pop()
-                elif opcode == 213:  # setlocal_1
-                    registers[1] = stack.pop()
-                elif opcode == 214:  # setlocal_2
-                    registers[2] = stack.pop()
-                elif opcode == 215:  # setlocal_3
-                    registers[3] = stack.pop()
-                else:
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        'Unsupported opcode %d' % opcode)
-
-        avm_class.method_pyfunctions[func_name] = resfunc
-        return resfunc
diff --git a/yt_dlp/update.py b/yt_dlp/update.py
index ef1ab6edcfaa135ed35286224acc20dc363d8aeb..6c9655a30832dad724d645ae55fa4d96ff179b55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/update.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/update.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
 import json
 import os
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ def detect_variant():
                 return f'exe_{variant}'
             return f'{prefix}_exe'
         return 'py2exe'
-    elif isinstance(globals().get('__loader__'), zipimporter):
+    elif isinstance(__loader__, zipimporter):
         return 'zip'
     elif os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) == '__main__.py':
         return 'source'
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ def get_bin_names(postfix):
         return (f'youtube-dl{postfix}', f'ytdl-patched{postfix}')
 
     def get_bin_info(bin_or_exe, version):
-        label = version_labels['%s_%s' % (bin_or_exe, version)]
+        label = version_labels[f'{bin_or_exe}_{version}']
         return next((i for i in version_info['assets'] if i['name'] in get_bin_names(label)), {})
 
     def get_sha256sum(bin_or_exe, version):
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ def get_sha256sum(bin_or_exe, version):
         try:
             if os.path.exists(filename + '.old'):
                 os.remove(filename + '.old')
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return report_unable('remove the old version')
 
         try:
@@ -187,13 +185,13 @@ def get_sha256sum(bin_or_exe, version):
             urlh = ydl._opener.open(url)
             newcontent = urlh.read()
             urlh.close()
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return report_network_error('download latest version')
 
         try:
             with open(filename + '.new', 'wb') as outf:
                 outf.write(newcontent)
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return report_permission_error(f'{filename}.new')
 
         expected_sum = get_sha256sum(variant, arch)
@@ -208,11 +206,11 @@ def get_sha256sum(bin_or_exe, version):
 
         try:
             os.rename(filename, filename + '.old')
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return report_unable('move current version')
         try:
             os.rename(filename + '.new', filename)
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             report_unable('overwrite current version')
             os.rename(filename + '.old', filename)
             return
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ def get_sha256sum(bin_or_exe, version):
             urlh = ydl._opener.open(url)
             newcontent = urlh.read()
             urlh.close()
-        except (IOError, OSError):
+        except OSError:
             return report_network_error('download the latest version')
 
         expected_sum = get_sha256sum(variant, pack_type)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils.py b/yt_dlp/utils.py
index c3df213c5138e1e1f2b78a23dfdd7a03dc3f4cfb..de15e12efc4bbd7a0ab7958434b756c4b360fd00 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# coding: utf-8
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import binascii
 import calendar
@@ -11,8 +7,8 @@
 import contextlib
 import ctypes
 import datetime
-import email.utils
 import email.header
+import email.utils
 import errno
 import functools
 import gzip
@@ -24,11 +20,13 @@
 import json
 import locale
 import math
+import mimetypes
 import operator
 import os
 import platform
 import random
 import re
+import shlex
 import socket
 import ssl
 import subprocess
@@ -36,9 +34,9 @@
 import tempfile
 import time
 import traceback
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import zlib
-import mimetypes
 try:
     import dateutil.parser
     HAVE_DATEUTIL = True
@@ -47,40 +45,29 @@
     HAVE_DATEUTIL = False
 
 from .compat import (
-    compat_HTMLParseError,
-    compat_HTMLParser,
-    compat_HTTPError,
-    compat_basestring,
     compat_brotli,
     compat_chr,
     compat_cookiejar,
-    compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
     compat_html_entities,
     compat_html_entities_html5,
+    compat_HTMLParseError,
+    compat_HTMLParser,
     compat_http_client,
-    compat_integer_types,
-    compat_numeric_types,
-    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_HTTPError,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_shlex_split,
     compat_shlex_quote,
     compat_str,
     compat_struct_pack,
     compat_struct_unpack,
     compat_urllib_error,
-    compat_urllib_parse,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
     compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlunparse,
-    compat_urllib_parse_quote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
-    compat_xpath,
 )
 
 from .socks import (
@@ -91,7 +78,8 @@
 
 try:
     import certifi
-    has_certifi = True
+    # The certificate may not be bundled in executable
+    has_certifi = os.path.exists(certifi.where())
 except ImportError:
     has_certifi = False
 
@@ -258,37 +246,9 @@ def preferredencoding():
 def write_json_file(obj, fn):
     """ Encode obj as JSON and write it to fn, atomically if possible """
 
-    fn = encodeFilename(fn)
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform != 'win32':
-        encoding = get_filesystem_encoding()
-        # os.path.basename returns a bytes object, but NamedTemporaryFile
-        # will fail if the filename contains non ascii characters unless we
-        # use a unicode object
-        path_basename = lambda f: os.path.basename(fn).decode(encoding)
-        # the same for os.path.dirname
-        path_dirname = lambda f: os.path.dirname(fn).decode(encoding)
-    else:
-        path_basename = os.path.basename
-        path_dirname = os.path.dirname
-
-    args = {
-        'suffix': '.tmp',
-        'prefix': path_basename(fn) + '.',
-        'dir': path_dirname(fn),
-        'delete': False,
-    }
-
-    # In Python 2.x, json.dump expects a bytestream.
-    # In Python 3.x, it writes to a character stream
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
-        args['mode'] = 'wb'
-    else:
-        args.update({
-            'mode': 'w',
-            'encoding': 'utf-8',
-        })
-
-    tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(**compat_kwargs(args))
+    tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+        prefix=f'{os.path.basename(fn)}.', dir=os.path.dirname(fn),
+        suffix='.tmp', delete=False, mode='w', encoding='utf-8')
 
     try:
         with tf:
@@ -315,20 +275,11 @@ def write_json_file(obj, fn):
         raise
 
 
-if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
-    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
-        """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
-        assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
-        expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else "[@%s='%s']" % (key, val))
-        return node.find(expr)
-else:
-    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
-        for f in node.findall(compat_xpath(xpath)):
-            if key not in f.attrib:
-                continue
-            if val is None or f.attrib.get(key) == val:
-                return f
-        return None
+def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
+    """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
+    assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
+    expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
+    return node.find(expr)
 
 # On python2.6 the xml.etree.ElementTree.Element methods don't support
 # the namespace parameter
@@ -348,7 +299,7 @@ def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
 
 def xpath_element(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
     def _find_xpath(xpath):
-        return node.find(compat_xpath(xpath))
+        return node.find(xpath)
 
     if isinstance(xpath, (str, compat_str)):
         n = _find_xpath(xpath)
@@ -390,7 +341,7 @@ def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
         if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
             return default
         elif fatal:
-            name = '%s[@%s]' % (xpath, key) if name is None else name
+            name = f'{xpath}[@{key}]' if name is None else name
             raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML attribute %s' % name)
         else:
             return None
@@ -459,15 +410,15 @@ def get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value
     attribute in the passed HTML document
     """
 
-    value_quote_optional = '' if re.match(r'''[\s"'`=<>]''', value) else '?'
+    quote = '' if re.match(r'''[\s"'`=<>]''', value) else '?'
 
     value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value
 
-    partial_element_re = r'''(?x)
+    partial_element_re = rf'''(?x)
         <(?P<tag>[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+)
          (?:\s(?:[^>"']|"[^"]*"|'[^']*')*)?
-         \s%(attribute)s\s*=\s*(?P<_q>['"]%(vqo)s)(?-x:%(value)s)(?P=_q)
-        ''' % {'attribute': re.escape(attribute), 'value': value, 'vqo': value_quote_optional}
+         \s{re.escape(attribute)}\s*=\s*(?P<_q>['"]{quote})(?-x:{value})(?P=_q)
+        '''
 
     for m in re.finditer(partial_element_re, html):
         content, whole = get_element_text_and_html_by_tag(m.group('tag'), html[m.start():])
@@ -596,8 +547,6 @@ def extract_attributes(html_element):
         'empty': '', 'noval': None, 'entity': '&',
         'sq': '"', 'dq': '\''
     }.
-    NB HTMLParser is stricter in Python 2.6 & 3.2 than in later versions,
-    but the cases in the unit test will work for all of 2.6, 2.7, 3.2-3.5.
     """
     parser = HTMLAttributeParser()
     try:
@@ -662,7 +611,7 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
             except LockingUnsupportedError:
                 stream = open(filename, open_mode)
             return (stream, filename)
-        except (IOError, OSError) as err:
+        except OSError as err:
             if attempt or err.errno in (errno.EACCES,):
                 raise
             old_filename, filename = filename, sanitize_path(filename)
@@ -733,8 +682,6 @@ def sanitize_path(s, force=False):
     if sys.platform == 'win32':
         force = False
         drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitdrive(s)
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7) and not drive_or_unc:
-            drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitunc(s)
     elif force:
         drive_or_unc = ''
     else:
@@ -873,7 +820,7 @@ class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
         _startupinfo = None
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(Popen, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs, startupinfo=self._startupinfo)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs, startupinfo=self._startupinfo)
         self.textmode = bool(
             kwargs.get('universal_newlines')
             or kwargs.get('encoding')
@@ -904,51 +851,23 @@ def get_subprocess_encoding():
 
 
 def encodeFilename(s, for_subprocess=False):
-    """
-    @param s The name of the file
-    """
-
-    assert type(s) == compat_str
-
-    # Python 3 has a Unicode API
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
-        return s
-
-    # Pass '' directly to use Unicode APIs on Windows 2000 and up
-    # (Detecting Windows NT 4 is tricky because 'major >= 4' would
-    # match Windows 9x series as well. Besides, NT 4 is obsolete.)
-    if not for_subprocess and sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 5:
-        return s
-
-    # Jython assumes filenames are Unicode strings though reported as Python 2.x compatible
-    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
-        return s
-
-    return s.encode(get_subprocess_encoding(), 'ignore')
+    assert type(s) == str
+    return s
 
 
 def decodeFilename(b, for_subprocess=False):
-
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
-        return b
-
-    if not isinstance(b, bytes):
-        return b
-
-    return b.decode(get_subprocess_encoding(), 'ignore')
+    return b
 
 
 def encodeArgument(s):
-    if not isinstance(s, compat_str):
-        # Legacy code that uses byte strings
-        # Uncomment the following line after fixing all post processors
-        # assert False, 'Internal error: %r should be of type %r, is %r' % (s, compat_str, type(s))
-        s = s.decode('ascii')
-    return encodeFilename(s, True)
+    # Legacy code that uses byte strings
+    # Uncomment the following line after fixing all post processors
+    # assert isinstance(s, str), 'Internal error: %r should be of type %r, is %r' % (s, compat_str, type(s))
+    return s if isinstance(s, str) else s.decode('ascii')
 
 
 def decodeArgument(b):
-    return decodeFilename(b, True)
+    return b
 
 
 def decodeOption(optval):
@@ -1076,7 +995,7 @@ def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None, video_id=None, ie=N
         self.ie = ie
         self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # preserve original exception
 
-        super(ExtractorError, self).__init__(''.join((
+        super().__init__(''.join((
             format_field(ie, template='[%s] '),
             format_field(video_id, template='%s: '),
             msg,
@@ -1092,7 +1011,7 @@ def format_traceback(self):
 
 class UnsupportedError(ExtractorError):
     def __init__(self, url):
-        super(UnsupportedError, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             'Unsupported URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
         self.url = url
 
@@ -1111,7 +1030,7 @@ class GeoRestrictedError(ExtractorError):
 
     def __init__(self, msg, countries=None, **kwargs):
         kwargs['expected'] = True
-        super(GeoRestrictedError, self).__init__(msg, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(msg, **kwargs)
         self.countries = countries
 
 
@@ -1125,7 +1044,7 @@ class DownloadError(YoutubeDLError):
 
     def __init__(self, msg, exc_info=None):
         """ exc_info, if given, is the original exception that caused the trouble (as returned by sys.exc_info()). """
-        super(DownloadError, self).__init__(msg)
+        super().__init__(msg)
         self.exc_info = exc_info
 
 
@@ -1233,9 +1152,7 @@ class ContentTooShortError(YoutubeDLError):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
-        super(ContentTooShortError, self).__init__(
-            'Downloaded {0} bytes, expected {1} bytes'.format(downloaded, expected)
-        )
+        super().__init__(f'Downloaded {downloaded} bytes, expected {expected} bytes')
         # Both in bytes
         self.downloaded = downloaded
         self.expected = expected
@@ -1243,7 +1160,7 @@ def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
 
 class XAttrMetadataError(YoutubeDLError):
     def __init__(self, code=None, msg='Unknown error'):
-        super(XAttrMetadataError, self).__init__(msg)
+        super().__init__(msg)
         self.code = code
         self.msg = msg
 
@@ -1266,12 +1183,7 @@ class DummyError(YoutubeDLError):
 
 
 def _create_http_connection(ydl_handler, http_class, is_https, *args, **kwargs):
-    # Working around python 2 bug (see http://bugs.python.org/issue17849) by limiting
-    # expected HTTP responses to meet HTTP/1.0 or later (see also
-    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
-        kwargs['strict'] = True
-    hc = http_class(*args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+    hc = http_class(*args, **kwargs)
     source_address = ydl_handler._params.get('source_address')
 
     if source_address is not None:
@@ -1288,7 +1200,7 @@ def _create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_a
             ip_addrs = [addr for addr in addrs if addr[0] == af]
             if addrs and not ip_addrs:
                 ip_version = 'v4' if af == socket.AF_INET else 'v6'
-                raise socket.error(
+                raise OSError(
                     "No remote IP%s addresses available for connect, can't use '%s' as source address"
                     % (ip_version, source_address[0]))
             for res in ip_addrs:
@@ -1302,30 +1214,17 @@ def _create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_a
                     sock.connect(sa)
                     err = None  # Explicitly break reference cycle
                     return sock
-                except socket.error as _:
+                except OSError as _:
                     err = _
                     if sock is not None:
                         sock.close()
             if err is not None:
                 raise err
             else:
-                raise socket.error('getaddrinfo returns an empty list')
+                raise OSError('getaddrinfo returns an empty list')
         if hasattr(hc, '_create_connection'):
             hc._create_connection = _create_connection
-        sa = (source_address, 0)
-        if hasattr(hc, 'source_address'):  # Python 2.7+
-            hc.source_address = sa
-        else:  # Python 2.6
-            def _hc_connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                sock = _create_connection(
-                    (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, sa)
-                if is_https:
-                    self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
-                        sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
-                        ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
-                else:
-                    self.sock = sock
-            hc.connect = functools.partial(_hc_connect, hc)
+        hc.source_address = (source_address, 0)
 
     return hc
 
@@ -1334,7 +1233,7 @@ def handle_youtubedl_headers(headers):
     filtered_headers = headers
 
     if 'Youtubedl-no-compression' in filtered_headers:
-        filtered_headers = dict((k, v) for k, v in filtered_headers.items() if k.lower() != 'accept-encoding')
+        filtered_headers = {k: v for k, v in filtered_headers.items() if k.lower() != 'accept-encoding'}
         del filtered_headers['Youtubedl-no-compression']
 
     return filtered_headers
@@ -1416,11 +1315,6 @@ def http_request(self, req):
 
         req.headers = handle_youtubedl_headers(req.headers)
 
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7) and '#' in req.get_full_url():
-            # Python 2.6 is brain-dead when it comes to fragments
-            req._Request__original = req._Request__original.partition('#')[0]
-            req._Request__r_type = req._Request__r_type.partition('#')[0]
-
         return req
 
     def http_response(self, req, resp):
@@ -1431,14 +1325,14 @@ def http_response(self, req, resp):
             gz = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=io.BytesIO(content), mode='rb')
             try:
                 uncompressed = io.BytesIO(gz.read())
-            except IOError as original_ioerror:
+            except OSError as original_ioerror:
                 # There may be junk add the end of the file
                 # See http://stackoverflow.com/q/4928560/35070 for details
                 for i in range(1, 1024):
                     try:
                         gz = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=io.BytesIO(content[:-i]), mode='rb')
                         uncompressed = io.BytesIO(gz.read())
-                    except IOError:
+                    except OSError:
                         continue
                     break
                 else:
@@ -1466,15 +1360,10 @@ def http_response(self, req, resp):
             location = resp.headers.get('Location')
             if location:
                 # As of RFC 2616 default charset is iso-8859-1 that is respected by python 3
-                if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
-                    location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
-                else:
-                    location = location.decode('utf-8')
+                location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
                 location_escaped = escape_url(location)
                 if location != location_escaped:
                     del resp.headers['Location']
-                    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
-                        location_escaped = location_escaped.encode('utf-8')
                     resp.headers['Location'] = location_escaped
         return resp
 
@@ -1585,7 +1474,7 @@ def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
             if cookie.expires is None:
                 cookie.expires = 0
 
-        with io.open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
             f.write(self._HEADER)
             now = time.time()
             for cookie in self:
@@ -1641,7 +1530,7 @@ def prepare_line(line):
             return line
 
         cf = io.StringIO()
-        with io.open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             for line in f:
                 try:
                     cf.write(prepare_line(line))
@@ -1673,19 +1562,6 @@ def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
         compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.__init__(self, cookiejar)
 
     def http_response(self, request, response):
-        # Python 2 will choke on next HTTP request in row if there are non-ASCII
-        # characters in Set-Cookie HTTP header of last response (see
-        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6769).
-        # In order to at least prevent crashing we will percent encode Set-Cookie
-        # header before HTTPCookieProcessor starts processing it.
-        # if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and response.headers:
-        #     for set_cookie_header in ('Set-Cookie', 'Set-Cookie2'):
-        #         set_cookie = response.headers.get(set_cookie_header)
-        #         if set_cookie:
-        #             set_cookie_escaped = compat_urllib_parse.quote(set_cookie, b"%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()?#[] ")
-        #             if set_cookie != set_cookie_escaped:
-        #                 del response.headers[set_cookie_header]
-        #                 response.headers[set_cookie_header] = set_cookie_escaped
         return compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.http_response(self, request, response)
 
     https_request = compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.http_request
@@ -1729,12 +1605,6 @@ def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
         # essentially all clients do redirect in this case, so we do
         # the same.
 
-        # On python 2 urlh.geturl() may sometimes return redirect URL
-        # as byte string instead of unicode. This workaround allows
-        # to force it always return unicode.
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            newurl = compat_str(newurl)
-
         # Be conciliant with URIs containing a space.  This is mainly
         # redundant with the more complete encoding done in http_error_302(),
         # but it is kept for compatibility with other callers.
@@ -1742,8 +1612,7 @@ def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
 
         CONTENT_HEADERS = ("content-length", "content-type")
         # NB: don't use dict comprehension for python 2.6 compatibility
-        newheaders = dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()
-                          if k.lower() not in CONTENT_HEADERS)
+        newheaders = {k: v for k, v in req.headers.items() if k.lower() not in CONTENT_HEADERS}
         return compat_urllib_request.Request(
             newurl, headers=newheaders, origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host,
             unverifiable=True)
@@ -1978,7 +1847,7 @@ def hyphenate_date(date_str):
         return date_str
 
 
-class DateRange(object):
+class DateRange:
     """Represents a time interval between two dates"""
 
     def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
@@ -2006,7 +1875,7 @@ def __contains__(self, date):
         return self.start <= date <= self.end
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s - %s' % (self.start.isoformat(), self.end.isoformat())
+        return f'{self.start.isoformat()} - {self.end.isoformat()}'
 
 
 def platform_name():
@@ -2027,91 +1896,12 @@ def get_windows_version():
         return None
 
 
-def _windows_write_string(s, out):
-    """ Returns True if the string was written using special methods,
-    False if it has yet to be written out."""
-    # Adapted from http://stackoverflow.com/a/3259271/35070
-
-    import ctypes.wintypes
-
-    WIN_OUTPUT_IDS = {
-        1: -11,
-        2: -12,
-    }
-
-    try:
-        fileno = out.fileno()
-    except AttributeError:
-        # If the output stream doesn't have a fileno, it's virtual
-        return False
-    except io.UnsupportedOperation:
-        # Some strange Windows pseudo files?
-        return False
-    if fileno not in WIN_OUTPUT_IDS:
-        return False
-
-    GetStdHandle = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
-        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(
-        ('GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
-    h = GetStdHandle(WIN_OUTPUT_IDS[fileno])
-
-    WriteConsoleW = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
-        ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR,
-        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
-        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)(('WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
-    written = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(0)
-
-    GetFileType = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(('GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
-    FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
-    FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000
-    GetConsoleMode = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
-        ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
-        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD))(
-        ('GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
-    INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
-
-    def not_a_console(handle):
-        if handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE or handle is None:
-            return True
-        return ((GetFileType(handle) & ~FILE_TYPE_REMOTE) != FILE_TYPE_CHAR
-                or GetConsoleMode(handle, ctypes.byref(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD())) == 0)
-
-    if not_a_console(h):
-        return False
-
-    def next_nonbmp_pos(s):
-        try:
-            return next(i for i, c in enumerate(s) if ord(c) > 0xffff)
-        except StopIteration:
-            return len(s)
-
-    while s:
-        count = min(next_nonbmp_pos(s), 1024)
-
-        ret = WriteConsoleW(
-            h, s, count if count else 2, ctypes.byref(written), None)
-        if ret == 0:
-            raise OSError('Failed to write string')
-        if not count:  # We just wrote a non-BMP character
-            assert written.value == 2
-            s = s[1:]
-        else:
-            assert written.value > 0
-            s = s[written.value:]
-    return True
-
-
 def write_string(s, out=None, encoding=None):
     if out is None:
         out = sys.stderr
     assert type(s) == compat_str
 
-    if sys.platform == 'win32' and encoding is None and hasattr(out, 'fileno'):
-        if _windows_write_string(s, out):
-            return
-
-    if ('b' in getattr(out, 'mode', '')
-            or sys.version_info[0] < 3):  # Python 2 lies about mode of sys.stderr
+    if 'b' in getattr(out, 'mode', ''):
         byt = s.encode(encoding or preferredencoding(), 'ignore')
         out.write(byt)
     elif hasattr(out, 'buffer'):
@@ -2230,7 +2020,7 @@ def _unlock_file(f):
             raise LockingUnsupportedError()
 
 
-class locked_file(object):
+class locked_file:
     locked = False
 
     def __init__(self, filename, mode, block=True, encoding=None):
@@ -2257,7 +2047,7 @@ def __enter__(self):
         try:
             _lock_file(self.f, exclusive, self.block)
             self.locked = True
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             self.f.close()
             raise
         if 'w' in self.mode:
@@ -2619,7 +2409,7 @@ def str_or_none(v, default=None):
 
 def str_to_int(int_str):
     """ A more relaxed version of int_or_none """
-    if isinstance(int_str, compat_integer_types):
+    if isinstance(int_str, int):
         return int_str
     elif isinstance(int_str, compat_str):
         int_str = re.sub(r'[,\.\+]', '', int_str)
@@ -2660,7 +2450,7 @@ def request_to_url(req):
 def strftime_or_none(timestamp, date_format, default=None):
     datetime_object = None
     try:
-        if isinstance(timestamp, compat_numeric_types):  # unix timestamp
+        if isinstance(timestamp, (int, float)):  # unix timestamp
             datetime_object = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
         elif isinstance(timestamp, compat_str):  # assume YYYYMMDD
             datetime_object = datetime.datetime.strptime(timestamp, '%Y%m%d')
@@ -2670,7 +2460,7 @@ def strftime_or_none(timestamp, date_format, default=None):
 
 
 def parse_duration(s):
-    if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
         return None
     s = s.strip()
     if not s:
@@ -2736,14 +2526,14 @@ def parse_duration(s):
 def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
     name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
     return (
-        '{0}.{1}{2}'.format(name, ext, real_ext)
+        f'{name}.{ext}{real_ext}'
         if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext
-        else '{0}.{1}'.format(filename, ext))
+        else f'{filename}.{ext}')
 
 
 def replace_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
     name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
-    return '{0}.{1}'.format(
+    return '{}.{}'.format(
         name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename,
         ext)
 
@@ -2926,6 +2716,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, idx):
 
 class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
     """Download pages until a page with less than maximum results"""
+
     def _getslice(self, start, end):
         for pagenum in itertools.count(start // self._pagesize):
             firstid = pagenum * self._pagesize
@@ -2966,6 +2757,7 @@ def _getslice(self, start, end):
 
 class InAdvancePagedList(PagedList):
     """PagedList with total number of pages known in advance"""
+
     def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagecount, pagesize):
         PagedList.__init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, True)
         self._pagecount = pagecount
@@ -3007,9 +2799,7 @@ def lowercase_escape(s):
 
 def escape_rfc3986(s):
     """Escape non-ASCII characters as suggested by RFC 3986"""
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(s, compat_str):
-        s = s.encode('utf-8')
-    return compat_urllib_parse.quote(s, b"%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()?#[]")
+    return urllib.parse.quote(s, b"%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()?#[]")
 
 
 def escape_url(url):
@@ -3195,7 +2985,7 @@ def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
 def parse_age_limit(s):
     if type(s) == int:
         return s if 0 <= s <= 21 else None
-    if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
         return None
     m = re.match(r'^(?P<age>\d{1,2})\+?$', s)
     if m:
@@ -3222,10 +3012,10 @@ def strip_jsonp(code):
 def js_to_json(code, vars={}):
     # vars is a dict of var, val pairs to substitute
     COMMENT_RE = r'/\*(?:(?!\*/).)*?\*/|//[^\n]*\n'
-    SKIP_RE = r'\s*(?:{comment})?\s*'.format(comment=COMMENT_RE)
+    SKIP_RE = fr'\s*(?:{COMMENT_RE})?\s*'
     INTEGER_TABLE = (
-        (r'(?s)^(0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 16),
-        (r'(?s)^(0+[0-7]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 8),
+        (fr'(?s)^(0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+){SKIP_RE}:?$', 16),
+        (fr'(?s)^(0+[0-7]+){SKIP_RE}:?$', 8),
     )
 
     def fix_kv(m):
@@ -3357,12 +3147,7 @@ def args_to_str(args):
 
 
 def error_to_compat_str(err):
-    err_str = str(err)
-    # On python 2 error byte string must be decoded with proper
-    # encoding rather than ascii
-    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-        err_str = err_str.decode(preferredencoding())
-    return err_str
+    return str(err)
 
 
 def error_to_str(err):
@@ -3630,7 +3415,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % m['quote'], m['quote'])
         actual_value = dct.get(m['key'])
         numeric_comparison = None
-        if isinstance(actual_value, compat_numeric_types):
+        if isinstance(actual_value, (int, float)):
             # If the original field is a string and matching comparisonvalue is
             # a number we should respect the origin of the original field
             # and process comparison value as a string (see
@@ -3751,7 +3536,7 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
     styles = {}
     default_style = {}
 
-    class TTMLPElementParser(object):
+    class TTMLPElementParser:
         _out = ''
         _unclosed_elements = []
         _applied_styles = []
@@ -3936,7 +3721,7 @@ def _configuration_args(main_key, argdict, exe, keys=None, default=[], use_compa
     return cli_configuration_args(argdict, keys, default, use_compat)
 
 
-class ISO639Utils(object):
+class ISO639Utils:
     # See http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ISO-639-2_utf-8.txt
     _lang_map = {
         'aa': 'aar',
@@ -4141,7 +3926,7 @@ def long2short(cls, code):
                 return short_name
 
 
-class ISO3166Utils(object):
+class ISO3166Utils:
     # From http://data.okfn.org/data/core/country-list
     _country_map = {
         'AF': 'Afghanistan',
@@ -4401,7 +4186,7 @@ def short2full(cls, code):
         return cls._country_map.get(code.upper())
 
 
-class GeoUtils(object):
+class GeoUtils:
     # Major IPv4 address blocks per country
     _country_ip_map = {
         'AD': '46.172.224.0/19',
@@ -4838,7 +4623,7 @@ def decode_png(png_data):
     header = png_data[8:]
 
     if png_data[:8] != b'\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a' or header[4:8] != b'IHDR':
-        raise IOError('Not a valid PNG file.')
+        raise OSError('Not a valid PNG file.')
 
     int_map = {1: '>B', 2: '>H', 4: '>I'}
     unpack_integer = lambda x: compat_struct_unpack(int_map[len(x)], x)[0]
@@ -4875,7 +4660,7 @@ def decode_png(png_data):
             idat += chunk['data']
 
     if not idat:
-        raise IOError('Unable to read PNG data.')
+        raise OSError('Unable to read PNG data.')
 
     decompressed_data = bytearray(zlib.decompress(idat))
 
@@ -4963,7 +4748,7 @@ def write_xattr(path, key, value):
 
         try:
             setxattr(path, key, value)
-        except EnvironmentError as e:
+        except OSError as e:
             raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
 
     except ImportError:
@@ -4977,7 +4762,7 @@ def write_xattr(path, key, value):
             try:
                 with open(ads_fn, 'wb') as f:
                     f.write(value)
-            except EnvironmentError as e:
+            except OSError as e:
                 raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
         else:
             user_has_setfattr = check_executable('setfattr', ['--version'])
@@ -5000,7 +4785,7 @@ def write_xattr(path, key, value):
                 try:
                     p = Popen(
                         cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-                except EnvironmentError as e:
+                except OSError as e:
                     raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
                 stdout, stderr = p.communicate_or_kill()
                 stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
@@ -5035,12 +4820,12 @@ def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
 
 
 # Templates for internet shortcut files, which are plain text files.
-DOT_URL_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''
+DOT_URL_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
 [InternetShortcut]
 URL=%(url)s
-'''.lstrip()
+'''
 
-DOT_WEBLOC_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''
+DOT_WEBLOC_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
 <plist version="1.0">
@@ -5049,16 +4834,16 @@ def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
 \t<string>%(url)s</string>
 </dict>
 </plist>
-'''.lstrip()
+'''
 
-DOT_DESKTOP_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''
+DOT_DESKTOP_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
 [Desktop Entry]
 Encoding=UTF-8
 Name=%(filename)s
 Type=Link
 URL=%(url)s
 Icon=text-html
-'''.lstrip()
+'''
 
 LINK_TEMPLATES = {
     'url': DOT_URL_LINK_TEMPLATE,
@@ -5084,9 +4869,9 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
 
     net_location = ''
     if iri_parts.username:
-        net_location += compat_urllib_parse_quote(iri_parts.username, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
+        net_location += urllib.parse.quote(iri_parts.username, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
         if iri_parts.password is not None:
-            net_location += ':' + compat_urllib_parse_quote(iri_parts.password, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
+            net_location += ':' + urllib.parse.quote(iri_parts.password, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
         net_location += '@'
 
     net_location += iri_parts.hostname.encode('idna').decode('utf-8')  # Punycode for Unicode hostnames.
@@ -5094,19 +4879,19 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
     if iri_parts.port is not None and iri_parts.port != 80:
         net_location += ':' + str(iri_parts.port)
 
-    return compat_urllib_parse_urlunparse(
+    return urllib.parse.urlunparse(
         (iri_parts.scheme,
             net_location,
 
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus(iri_parts.path, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),
+            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.path, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),
 
             # Unsure about the `safe` argument, since this is a legacy way of handling parameters.
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus(iri_parts.params, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),
+            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.params, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),
 
             # Not totally sure about the `safe` argument, since the source does not explicitly mention the query URI component.
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus(iri_parts.query, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~"),
+            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.query, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~"),
 
-            compat_urllib_parse_quote_plus(iri_parts.fragment, safe=r"!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~")))
+            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.fragment, safe=r"!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~")))
 
     # Source for `safe` arguments: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encoded-bytes.
 
@@ -5114,7 +4899,7 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
 def to_high_limit_path(path):
     if sys.platform in ['win32', 'cygwin']:
         # Work around MAX_PATH limitation on Windows. The maximum allowed length for the individual path segments may still be quite limited.
-        return r'\\?\ '.rstrip() + os.path.abspath(path)
+        return '\\\\?\\' + os.path.abspath(path)
 
     return path
 
@@ -5156,7 +4941,7 @@ def make_dir(path, to_screen=None):
         if dn and not os.path.exists(dn):
             os.makedirs(dn)
         return True
-    except (OSError, IOError) as err:
+    except OSError as err:
         if callable(to_screen) is not None:
             to_screen('unable to create directory ' + error_to_compat_str(err))
         return False
@@ -5166,7 +4951,7 @@ def get_executable_path():
     from zipimport import zipimporter
     if hasattr(sys, 'frozen'):  # Running from PyInstaller
         path = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-    elif isinstance(globals().get('__loader__'), zipimporter):  # Running from ZIP
+    elif isinstance(__loader__, zipimporter):  # Running from ZIP
         path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../..')
     else:
         path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
@@ -5469,7 +5254,7 @@ def scale_thumbnails_to_max_format_width(formats, thumbnails, url_width_re):
     """
     _keys = ('width', 'height')
     max_dimensions = max(
-        [tuple(format.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for format in formats],
+        (tuple(format.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for format in formats),
         default=(0, 0))
     if not max_dimensions[0]:
         return thumbnails
@@ -5534,21 +5319,19 @@ def __str__(self):
     def read_file(filename, default=[]):
         try:
             optionf = open(filename)
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             return default  # silently skip if file is not present
         try:
             # FIXME: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/dfe5fa49aed02cf36ba9f743b11b0903554b5e56
             contents = optionf.read()
-            if sys.version_info < (3,):
-                contents = contents.decode(preferredencoding())
-            res = compat_shlex_split(contents, comments=True)
+            res = shlex.split(contents, comments=True)
         finally:
             optionf.close()
         return res
 
     @staticmethod
     def hide_login_info(opts):
-        PRIVATE_OPTS = set(['-p', '--password', '-u', '--username', '--video-password', '--ap-password', '--ap-username'])
+        PRIVATE_OPTS = {'-p', '--password', '-u', '--username', '--video-password', '--ap-password', '--ap-username'}
         eqre = re.compile('^(?P<key>' + ('|'.join(re.escape(po) for po in PRIVATE_OPTS)) + ')=.+$')
 
         def _scrub_eq(o):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
index 962aa57ad61e7db511a2253140b5860aac21e693..3180eafde9d0452a35d89778a91a2474e5ae3037 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function, division
-
 """
 A partial parser for WebVTT segments. Interprets enough of the WebVTT stream
 to be able to assemble a single stand-alone subtitle file, suitably adjusting
@@ -11,17 +8,14 @@
 in RFC 8216 §3.5 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8216#section-3.5>.
 """
 
-import re
 import io
+import re
+
+from .compat import compat_Match, compat_Pattern
 from .utils import int_or_none, timetuple_from_msec
-from .compat import (
-    compat_str as str,
-    compat_Pattern,
-    compat_Match,
-)
 
 
-class _MatchParser(object):
+class _MatchParser:
     """
     An object that maintains the current parsing position and allows
     conveniently advancing it as syntax elements are successfully parsed.
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ class _MatchChildParser(_MatchParser):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, parent):
-        super(_MatchChildParser, self).__init__(parent._data)
+        super().__init__(parent._data)
         self.__parent = parent
         self._pos = parent._pos
 
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ def commit(self):
 
 class ParseError(Exception):
     def __init__(self, parser):
-        super(ParseError, self).__init__("Parse error at position %u (near %r)" % (
+        super().__init__("Parse error at position %u (near %r)" % (
             parser._pos, parser._data[parser._pos:parser._pos + 20]
         ))
 
@@ -127,7 +121,7 @@ def _format_ts(ts):
     return '%02u:%02u:%02u.%03u' % timetuple_from_msec(int((ts + 45) // 90))
 
 
-class Block(object):
+class Block:
     """
     An abstract WebVTT block.
     """
diff --git a/ytdlp_plugins/extractor/sample.py b/ytdlp_plugins/extractor/sample.py
index d99b7ca331d66663289650b1f8269ad1dc969c09..82c0af459cf35a80c6943c9d07f49ae1b4e064da 100644
--- a/ytdlp_plugins/extractor/sample.py
+++ b/ytdlp_plugins/extractor/sample.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 # âš  Don't use relative imports
 from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 
diff --git a/ytdlp_plugins/postprocessor/sample.py b/ytdlp_plugins/postprocessor/sample.py
index 6ba49266e0677cce41594db972294ad267a9bb4a..4563e1c1167596f286d1b8c31bda175b7b407d38 100644
--- a/ytdlp_plugins/postprocessor/sample.py
+++ b/ytdlp_plugins/postprocessor/sample.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-
 # âš  Don't use relative imports
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor.common import PostProcessor