Currently background proccesses stream the events stream use the "minimum persisted position" (i.e. `get_current_token()`) rather than the vector clock style tokens. This is broadly fine as it doesn't matter if the background processes lag a small amount. However, in extreme cases (i.e. SyTests) where we only write to one event persister the background processes will never make progress.

This PR changes it so that the `MultiWriterIDGenerator` keeps the current position of a given instance as up to date as possible (i.e using the latest token it sees if its not in the process of persisting anything), and then periodically announces that over replication. This then allows the "minimum persisted position" to advance, albeit with a small lag.

This could, very occasionally, cause:

```
tests.test_visibility.FilterEventsForServerTestCase.test_large_room
===============================================================================
[ERROR]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/src/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py", line 86, in test_ensure_media_is_in_local_cache
    self.wait_on_thread(x)
  File "/src/tests/unittest.py", line 296, in wait_on_thread
    self.reactor.advance(0.01)
  File "/src/.tox/py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/twisted/internet/task.py", line 826, in advance
    self._sortCalls()
  File "/src/.tox/py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/twisted/internet/task.py", line 787, in _sortCalls
    self.calls.sort(key=lambda a: a.getTime())
builtins.ValueError: list modified during sort

tests.rest.media.v1.test_media_storage.MediaStorageTests.test_ensure_media_is_in_local_cache
```

Signed-off-by: Mateusz Przybyłowicz <uamfhq@gmail.com>

This PR allows Synapse modules making use of the `ModuleApi` to create and send non-membership events into a room. This can useful to have modules send messages, or change power levels in a room etc. Note that they must send event through a user that's already in the room.

The non-membership event limitation is currently arbitrary, as it's another chunk of work and not necessary at the moment.

When pulling events out of the DB to send over replication we were not
filtering by instance name, and so we were sending events for other
instances.

All handlers now available via get_*_handler() methods on the HomeServer.

Synapse 1.21.0rc3 (2020-10-08)
==============================

Bugfixes
--------

- Fix duplication of events on high traffic servers, caused by PostgreSQL `could not serialize access due to concurrent update` errors. ([\#8456](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/8456))

Internal Changes
----------------

- Add Groovy Gorilla to the list of distributions we build `.deb`s for. ([\#8475](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/8475))

Added shields directing to synapse-dev room, showing license, latest version on PyPi and supported Python versions.
I've moved substitution definitions to the bottom to improve readability.

Signed-off-by: Mateusz Przybyłowicz <uamfhq@gmail.com>

This turns:

    Failed to parse config for 'myplugin': Exception('error message')

into:

    Failed to parse config for 'myplugin': error message.

We call `_update_stream_positions_table_txn` a lot, which is an UPSERT
that can conflict in `REPEATABLE READ` isolation level. Instead of doing
a transaction consisting of a single query we may as well run it outside
of a transaction.

By reporting the log level of the synapse logger as a string.

We call `_update_stream_positions_table_txn` a lot, which is an UPSERT
that can conflict in `REPEATABLE READ` isolation level. Instead of doing
a transaction consisting of a single query we may as well run it outside
of a transaction.

Currently when using multiple event persisters we (in the worst case) don't tell clients about events until all event persisters have persisted new events after the original event. This is a suboptimal, especially if one of the event persisters goes down.

To handle this, we encode the position of each event persister in the room tokens so that we can send events to clients immediately. To reduce the size of the token we do two things:

1. We create a unique immutable persistent mapping between instance names and a generated small integer ID, which we can encode in the tokens instead of the instance name; and
2. We encode the "persisted upto position" of the room token and then only explicitly include instances that have positions strictly greater than that.

The new tokens look something like: `m3478~1.3488~2.3489`, where the first number is the min position, and the subsequent `-` separated pairs are the instance ID to positions map. (We use `.` and `~` as separators as they're URL safe and not already used by `StreamToken`).

It seems most of these blacklisted tests do actually pass most of the time.

I'm of the opinion that having them blacklisted here means there is very little incentive for us to deflake any flaky tests, and meanwhile any value in those tests is completely lost.

This allows a user to store an offline device on the server and
then restore it at a subsequent login.

Reduce inconsistencies between codepaths for membership and non-membership events.

Lots of different module apis is not easy to maintain.

Rather than adding yet another ModuleApi(hs, hs.get_auth_handler()) incantation, first add an hs.get_module_api() method and use it where possible.

https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/tree/develop/docs/sphinx doesn't seem to really be utilised or changed recently since the initial commit. I like the idea of exportable documentation of the codebase, but at the moment after running through the build instructions the generated website wasn't very useful...

* Optimise and test state fetching for 3p event rules

Getting all the events at once is much more efficient than getting them
individually

* Test that 3p event rules can modify events

Fix third-party event modules for `check_visibility_can_be_modified` check

This PR ports the quick fix from https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/2796 to further methods which handle media, URL preview and `/key/v2/server` requests. This prevents a harmless `ERROR` that comes up in the logs when we were unable to respond to a client request when the client had already disconnected. In this case we simply bail out if the client has already done so.

This is the 'simple fix' as suggested by https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5304#issuecomment-574740003.

Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6700
Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5304

Per https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2788

PR #8292 tried to maintain backwards compat with modules which don't provide a
`check_visibility_can_be_modified` method, but the tests weren't being run,
and the check didn't work.

This is now redundant, and we can just call `handle_new_client_event` directly.