Fix 500 error on `/messages` when we accumulate more than 5 backward extremities (#11027)

Found while working on the Gitter backfill script and noticed
it only happened after we sent 7 batches, https://gitlab.com/gitterHQ/webapp/-/merge_requests/2229#note_665906390

When there are more than 5 backward extremities for a given depth,
backfill will throw an error because we sliced the extremity list
to 5 but then try to iterate over the full list. This causes
us to look for state that we never fetched and we get a `KeyError`.

Before when calling `/messages` when there are more than 5 backward extremities:
```
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/http/server.py", line 258, in _async_render_wrapper
    callback_return = await self._async_render(request)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/http/server.py", line 446, in _async_render
    callback_return = await raw_callback_return
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/rest/client/room.py", line 580, in on_GET
    msgs = await self.pagination_handler.get_messages(
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/handlers/pagination.py", line 396, in get_messages
    await self.hs.get_federation_handler().maybe_backfill(
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/handlers/federation.py", line 133, in maybe_backfill
    return await self._maybe_backfill_inner(room_id, current_depth, limit)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/synapse/handlers/federation.py", line 386, in _maybe_backfill_inner
    likely_extremeties_domains = get_domains_from_state(states[e_id])
KeyError: '$zpFflMEBtZdgcMQWTakaVItTLMjLFdKcRWUPHbbSZJl'
```