* Pull Sentinel out of LoggingContext

... and drop a few unnecessary references to it

* Factor out LoggingContext.current_context

move `current_context` and `set_context` out to top-level functions.

Mostly this means that I can more easily trace what's actually referring to
LoggingContext, but I think it's generally neater.

* move copy-to-parent into `stop`

this really just makes `start` and `stop` more symetric. It also means that it
behaves correctly if you manually `set_log_context` rather than using the
context manager.

* Replace `LoggingContext.alive` with `finished`

Turn `alive` into `finished` and make it a bit better defined.

Extends #5794 etc to the SimpleHttpClient so that it also applies to non-federation requests.

Fixes #7092.

The `http_proxy` and `HTTPS_PROXY` env vars can be set to a `host[:port]` value which should point to a proxy.

The address of the proxy should be excluded from IP blacklists such as the `url_preview_ip_range_blacklist`.

The proxy will then be used for
 * push
 * url previews
 * phone-home stats
 * recaptcha validation
 * CAS auth validation

It will *not* be used for:
 * Application Services
 * Identity servers
 * Outbound federation
 * In worker configurations, connections from workers to masters

Fixes #4198.

This refactors MatrixFederationAgent to move the SRV lookup into the
endpoint code, this has two benefits:
	1. Its easier to retry different host/ports in the same way as
	   HostnameEndpoint.
	2. We avoid SRV lookups if we have a free connection in the pool

If we have recently seen a valid well-known for a domain we want to
retry on (non-final) errors a few times, to handle temporary blips in
networking/etc.

This gives a bit of a grace period where we can attempt to refetch a
remote `well-known`, while still using the cached result if that fails.

Hopefully this will make the well-known resolution a bit more torelant
of failures, rather than it immediately treating failures as "no result"
and caching that for an hour.

It costs both us and the remote server for us to fetch the well known
for every single request we send, so we add a minimum cache period. This
is set to 5m so that we still honour the basic premise of "refetch
frequently".

* Pull config_dir_path and data_dir_path calculation out of read_config_files

* Pass config_dir_path and data_dir_path into read_config

Add some tests for bad certificates for federation and .well-known connections

There are a few changes going on here:

* We make checking the signature on a key server response optional: if no
  verify_keys are specified, we trust to TLS to validate the connection.

* We change the default config so that it does not require responses to be
  signed by the old key.

* We replace the old 'perspectives' config with 'trusted_key_servers', which
  is also formatted slightly differently.

* We emit a warning to the logs every time we trust a key server response
  signed by the old key.

Migrate all tests to use the dict-based config format instead of hanging items off HomeserverConfig (#5171)

... basically, carry on and fall back to SRV etc.

two reasons for this. One, it saves a bunch of boilerplate. Two, it squashes
unicode to IDNA-in-a-`str` (even on python 3) in a way that it turns out we
rely on to give consistent behaviour between python 2 and 3.

We don't want to be doing .well-known lookups on these guys.

Turns out that the library does a better job of parsing URIs than our
reinvented wheel. Who knew.

There are two things going on here. The first is that, unlike
parse_server_name, URI.fromBytes will strip off square brackets from IPv6
literals, which means that it is valid input to ClientTLSOptionsFactory and
HostnameEndpoint.

The second is that we stay in `bytes` throughout (except for the argument to
ClientTLSOptionsFactory), which avoids the weirdness of (sometimes) ending up
with idna-encoded values being held in `unicode` variables. TBH it probably
would have been ok but it made the tests fragile.

Move the Host header logic down here so that (a) it is used if we reuse the
agent elsewhere, and (b) we can mess about with it with .well-known.

The problem here is that we have cut-and-pasted an impl from Twisted, and then
failed to maintain it. It was fixed in Twisted in
https://github.com/twisted/twisted/pull/1047/files; let's do the same here.

this makes it easier to stub things out for tests.