Fetch verify key locally rather than trying to do so over federation if origin and host are the same. (#11129)

* add tests for fetching key locally

* add logic to check if origin server is same as host and fetch verify key locally rather than over federation

* add changelog

* slight refactor, add docstring, change changelog entry

* Make changelog entry one line

* remove verify_json_locally and push locality check to process_request, add function process_request_locally

* remove leftover code reference

* refactor to add common call to 'verify_json and associated handling code

* add type hint to process_json

* add some docstrings + very slight refactor

Part of #9744

Removes all redundant `# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-` lines from files, as python 3 automatically reads source code as utf-8 now.

`Signed-off-by: Jonathan de Jong <jonathan@automatia.nl&gt;`>

Records additional request information into the structured logs,
e.g. the requester, IP address, etc.

 - Update black version to the latest
 - Run black auto formatting over the codebase
    - Run autoformatting according to [`docs/code_style.md
`](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/80d6dc9783aa80886a133756028984dbf8920168/docs/code_style.md)
 - Update `code_style.md` docs around installing black to use the correct version

Replaces the `federation_ip_range_blacklist` configuration setting with an
`ip_range_blacklist` setting with wider scope. It now applies to:

* Federation
* Identity servers
* Push notifications
* Checking key validitity for third-party invite events

The old `federation_ip_range_blacklist` setting is still honored if present, but
with reduced scope (it only applies to federation and identity servers).

All handlers now available via get_*_handler() methods on the HomeServer.

* Fix test_verify_json_objects_for_server_awaits_previous_requests

It turns out that this wasn't really testing what it thought it was testing
(in particular, `check_context` was turning failures into success, which was
making the tests pass even though it wasn't clear they should have been.

It was also somewhat overcomplex - we can test what it was trying to test
without mocking out perspectives servers.

* Fix warnings about finished logcontexts in the keyring

We need to make sure that we finish the key fetching magic before we run the
verifying code, to ensure that we don't mess up our logcontexts.

* Pull Sentinel out of LoggingContext

... and drop a few unnecessary references to it

* Factor out LoggingContext.current_context

move `current_context` and `set_context` out to top-level functions.

Mostly this means that I can more easily trace what's actually referring to
LoggingContext, but I think it's generally neater.

* move copy-to-parent into `stop`

this really just makes `start` and `stop` more symetric. It also means that it
behaves correctly if you manually `set_log_context` rather than using the
context manager.

* Replace `LoggingContext.alive` with `finished`

Turn `alive` into `finished` and make it a bit better defined.

... and use it in places where it's trivial to do so.

This will make it easier to pass room versions into the FrozenEvent
constructors.

Lift the restriction that *all* the keys used for signing v2 key responses be
present in verify_keys.

Fixes #6596.

There's an awful lot of deferreds and dictionaries flying around here. The
whole thing can be made much simpler and achieve the same effect.

Some keys are stored in the synapse database with a null valid_until_ms
which caused an exception to be thrown when using that key. We fix this
by treating nulls as zeroes, i.e. they keys will match verification
requests with a minimum_valid_until_ms of zero (i.e. don't validate ts)
but will not match requests with a non-zero minimum_valid_until_ms.

Fixes #5391.

There are a few changes going on here:

* We make checking the signature on a key server response optional: if no
  verify_keys are specified, we trust to TLS to validate the connection.

* We change the default config so that it does not require responses to be
  signed by the old key.

* We replace the old 'perspectives' config with 'trusted_key_servers', which
  is also formatted slightly differently.

* We emit a warning to the logs every time we trust a key server response
  signed by the old key.

Also:
* rename VerifyKeyRequest->VerifyJsonRequest
* calculate key_ids on VerifyJsonRequest construction
* refactor things to pass around VerifyJsonRequests instead of 4-tuples

When handling incoming federation requests, make sure that we have an
up-to-date copy of the signing key.

We do not yet enforce the validity period for event signatures.

The list of server names was redundant, since it was equivalent to the keys on
the server_to_deferred map. This reduces the number of large lists being passed
around, and has the benefit of deduplicating the entries in `wait_on`.

Rather than have three methods which have to have the same interface,
factor out a separate interface which is provided by three implementations.

I find it easier to grok the code this way.

This is a first step to checking that the key is valid at the required moment.

The idea here is that, rather than passing VerifyKey objects in and out of the
storage layer, we instead pass FetchKeyResult objects, which simply wrap the
VerifyKey and add a valid_until_ts field.

Storing server keys hammered the database a bit. This replaces the
implementation which stored a single key, with one which can do many updates at
once.

make sure we store the name of the server the keys came from, rather than the
origin server, after doing a fetch-from-perspectives.