This fixes a bug where we would accept an event whose `auth_events` include
rejected events, if the rejected event was shadowed by another `auth_event`
with same `(type, state_key)`.

The approach is to pass a list of auth events into
`check_auth_rules_for_event` instead of a dict, which of course means updating
the call sites.

This is an extension of #10956.

This fixes a "Event not signed by authorising server" error when
transition room member from join -> join, e.g. when updating a
display name or avatar URL for restricted rooms.

This fixes a "Event not signed by authorising server" error when
transition room member from join -> join, e.g. when updating a
display name or avatar URL for restricted rooms.

Broadly, the existing `event_auth.check` function has two parts:
 * a validation section: checks that the event isn't too big, that it has the rught signatures, etc. 
   This bit is independent of the rest of the state in the room, and so need only be done once 
   for each event.
 * an auth section: ensures that the event is allowed, given the rest of the state in the room.
   This gets done multiple times, against various sets of room state, because it forms part of
   the state res algorithm.

Currently, this is implemented with `do_sig_check` and `do_size_check` parameters, but I think
that makes everything hard to follow. Instead, we split the function in two and call each part
separately where it is needed.

This adds support for MSC3289: room version 8. This is room version 7 + MSC3083.

Part of #9744

Removes all redundant `# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-` lines from files, as python 3 automatically reads source code as utf-8 now.

`Signed-off-by: Jonathan de Jong <jonathan@automatia.nl&gt;`>

Per MSC3083.

 - Update black version to the latest
 - Run black auto formatting over the codebase
    - Run autoformatting according to [`docs/code_style.md
`](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/80d6dc9783aa80886a133756028984dbf8920168/docs/code_style.md)
 - Update `code_style.md` docs around installing black to use the correct version

In a new room version, the "notifications" key of power level events are
subject to restricted auth rules.

... and use it in places where it's trivial to do so.

This will make it easier to pass room versions into the FrozenEvent
constructors.

These are easier to work with than the strings and we normally have one around.

This fixes `FederationHander._persist_auth_tree` which was passing a
RoomVersion object into event_auth.check instead of a string.

Collect all the things that make room-versions different to one another into
one place, so that it's easier to define new room versions.

Make it so that, before there is a power-levels event in the room, you need a
power level of at least 50 to send state.

Partially addresses https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/1192