* Optimise and test state fetching for 3p event rules

Getting all the events at once is much more efficient than getting them
individually

* Test that 3p event rules can modify events

Per https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2788

PR #8292 tried to maintain backwards compat with modules which don't provide a
`check_visibility_can_be_modified` method, but the tests weren't being run,
and the check didn't work.

This PR allows `ThirdPartyEventRules` modules to view, manipulate and block changes to the state of whether a room is published in the public rooms directory.

While the idea of whether a room is in the public rooms list is not kept within an event in the room, `ThirdPartyEventRules` generally deal with controlling which modifications can happen to a room. Public rooms fits within that idea, even if its toggle state isn't controlled through a state event. 

This is so we can tell what is going on when things are taking a while to start up.

The main change here is to ensure that transactions that are created during startup get correctly logged like normal transactions.

This allows for connecting to certain IdPs, e.g. GitLab.

The idea is that in future tokens will encode a mapping of instance to position. However, we don't want to include the full instance name in the string representation, so instead we'll have a mapping between instance name and an immutable integer ID in the DB that we can use instead. We'll then do the lookup when we serialize/deserialize the token (we could alternatively pass around an `Instance` type that includes both the name and ID, but that turns out to be a lot more invasive).

This was a bit unweildy for what I wanted: in particular, I wanted to assign
each measurement straight into a bucket, rather than storing an intermediate
Counter which didn't do any bucketing at all.

I've replaced it with something that is hopefully a bit easier to use.

(I'm not entirely sure what the difference between a HistogramMetricFamily and
a GaugeHistogramMetricFamily is, but given our counters can go down as well as
up the latter *sounds* more accurate?)

* Fix table scan of events on worker startup.

This happened because we assumed "new" writers had an initial stream
position of 0, so the replication code tried to fetch all events written
by the instance between 0 and the current position.

Instead, set the initial position of new writers to the current
persisted up to position, on the assumption that new writers won't have
written anything before that point.

* Consider old writers coming back as "new".

Otherwise we'd try and fetch entries between the old stale token and the
current position, even though it won't have written any rows.

Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <1342360+anoadragon453@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <1342360+anoadragon453@users.noreply.github.com>

This is an attempt to fix #8403.

Broken in https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/8275 and has yet to be put in a release. Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/8418.

`next_link` is an optional parameter. However, we were checking whether the `next_link` param was valid, even if it wasn't provided. In that case, `next_link` was `None`, which would clearly not be a valid URL.

This would prevent password reset and other operations if `next_link` was not provided, and the `next_link_domain_whitelist` config option was set.

* Remove `on_timeout_cancel` from `timeout_deferred`

The `on_timeout_cancel` param to `timeout_deferred` wasn't always called on a
timeout (in particular if the canceller raised an exception), so it was
unreliable. It was also only used in one place, and to be honest it's easier to
do what it does a different way.

* Fix handling of connection timeouts in outgoing http requests

Turns out that if we get a timeout during connection, then a different
exception is raised, which wasn't always handled correctly.

To fix it, catch the exception in SimpleHttpClient and turn it into a
RequestTimedOutError (which is already a documented exception).

Also add a description to RequestTimedOutError so that we can see which stage
it failed at.

* Fix incorrect handling of timeouts reading federation responses

This was trapping the wrong sort of TimeoutError, so was never being hit.

The effect was relatively minor, but we should fix this so that it does the
expected thing.

* Fix inconsistent handling of `timeout` param between methods

`get_json`, `put_json` and `delete_json` were applying a different timeout to
the response body to `post_json`; bring them in line and test.

Co-authored-by: Patrick Cloke <clokep@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Erik Johnston <erik@matrix.org>

* Fix test_verify_json_objects_for_server_awaits_previous_requests

It turns out that this wasn't really testing what it thought it was testing
(in particular, `check_context` was turning failures into success, which was
making the tests pass even though it wasn't clear they should have been.

It was also somewhat overcomplex - we can test what it was trying to test
without mocking out perspectives servers.

* Fix warnings about finished logcontexts in the keyring

We need to make sure that we finish the key fetching magic before we run the
verifying code, to ensure that we don't mess up our logcontexts.

Co-authored-by: Benjamin Koch <bbbsnowball@gmail.com>

This adds configuration flags that will match a user to pre-existing users
when logging in via OpenID Connect. This is useful when switching to
an existing SSO system.

On startup `MultiWriteIdGenerator` fetches the maximum stream ID for
each instance from the table and uses that as its initial "current
position" for each writer. This is problematic as a) it involves either
a scan of events table or an index (neither of which is ideal), and b)
if rows are being persisted out of order elsewhere while the process
restarts then using the maximum stream ID is not correct. This could
theoretically lead to race conditions where e.g. events that are
persisted out of order are not sent down sync streams.

We fix this by creating a new table that tracks the current positions of
each writer to the stream, and update it each time we finish persisting
a new entry. This is a relatively small overhead when persisting events.
However for the cache invalidation stream this is a much bigger relative
overhead, so instead we note that for invalidation we don't actually
care about reliability over restarts (as there's no caches to
invalidate) and simply don't bother reading and writing to the new table
in that particular case.

The idea is to remove some of the places we pass around `int`, where it can represent one of two things:

1. the position of an event in the stream; or
2. a token that partitions the stream, used as part of the stream tokens.

The valid operations are then:

1. did a position happen before or after a token;
2. get all events that happened before or after a token; and
3. get all events between two tokens.

(Note that we don't want to allow other operations as we want to change the tokens to be vector clocks rather than simple ints)

This will allow us to hit the DB after we've finished using the generated stream ID.

Fixes: #8359 

Trying to reactivate a user with the admin API (`PUT /_synapse/admin/v2/users/<user_name>`) causes an internal server error.

Seems to be a regression in #8033.

Add an admin API to read entries of table `event_reports`. API: `GET /_synapse/admin/v1/event_reports`

* Create a new function to verify that the length of a device name is
under a certain threshold.
* Refactor old code and tests to use said function.
* Verify device name length during registration of device
* Add a test for the above

Signed-off-by: Dionysis Grigoropoulos <dgrig@erethon.com>

Add a new admin API `GET /_synapse/admin/v1/users/<user_id>/joined_rooms` to
list all rooms where a user is a member.

Signed-off-by: Olivier Wilkinson (reivilibre) <olivier@librepush.net>
Co-authored-by: Patrick Cloke <clokep@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix _set_destination_retry_timings

This came about because the code assumed that retry_interval
could not be NULL — which has been challenged by catch-up.

This converts calls like super(Foo, self) -> super().

Generated with:

    sed -i "" -Ee 's/super\([^\(]+\)/super()/g' **/*.py

Add ability for ASes to /login using the `uk.half-shot.msc2778.login.application_service` login `type`.

Co-authored-by: Patrick Cloke <clokep@users.noreply.github.com>

Some Linux distros have begun disabling TLSv1.0 and TLSv1.1 by default
for security reasons, for example in Fedora 33 onwards:

https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/StrongCryptoSettings2



Use TLSv1.2 for the fake TLS servers created in the test suite, to avoid
failures due to OpenSSL disallowing TLSv1.0:

    <twisted.python.failure.Failure OpenSSL.SSL.Error: [('SSL routines',
    'ssl_choose_client_version', 'unsupported protocol')]>

Signed-off-by: Dan Callaghan <djc@djc.id.au>

This PR adds a confirmation step to resetting your user password between clicking the link in your email and your password actually being reset.

This is to better align our password reset flow with the industry standard of requiring a confirmation from the user after email validation.

If a file cannot be thumbnailed for some reason (e.g. the file is empty), then
catch the exception and convert it to a reasonable error message for the client.

`pusher_pool.on_new_notifications` expected a min and max stream ID, however that was not what we were passing in. Instead, let's just pass it the current max stream ID and have it track the last stream ID it got passed.

I believe that it mostly worked as we called the function for every event. However, it would break for events that got persisted out of order, i.e, that were persisted but the max stream ID wasn't incremented as not all preceding events had finished persisting, and push for that event would be delayed until another event got pushed to the effected users.